Neutral questions

The counterpart to this is that, depending on the actual problem, a direct question is asked, e.g. Which of the two products is the most bitter This direct method of questioning involves sensory and psychological problems for the test, be they advantageous or disadvantageous, i.e. a difference is already put directly to the assessor, who will then pay particular or exclusive attention to bitter. The assessor will also evaluate bitterness considerably more precisely that if he was unaware of this. If the problem involves a quality test, for example, this type of questioning is preferable to a more neutral question such as compare the samples . 

The question arises of whether the views of patients should be used routinely as a source of patient safety topics. For example, as well as being asked neutral questions about their experiences during their hospital stay, patients could perhaps also be asked directly whether they notieed any errors or incidents that they consider to be relevant or prejudicial to patient safety (Wasson et al. 2007). 

The claims for discovery and the naming of Element 104 are still in question. The Berkeley group proposes for the new element the name rutherfordium (symbol Rf), in honor of Ernest R. Rutherford, a New Zealand physicist. Meanwhile, the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics has proposed using the neutral temporary name, unnilquadium. 

An alternative approach is to assume, in the light of the experimental evidence just mentioned, that the reactions of cations and neutral molecules have similar values of (or, equivalently, of log ( /l mol and to try to calculate the difference which would arise from the fact that the observed entropy of activation for a minority free base includes a contribution from the acidic dissociation of the conjugate acid in the medium in question (see (5) above). Consider the two following reaction schemes one (primed symbols) represents nitration via the free base, the other the normal nitration of a non-basic majority species (unprimed symbols) ... 

Aminothiazole in its neutral form seems to be able to react in 3 different positions according to the electrophilic center considered (Scheme 146). The question of C-5 reactivity for this neutral form remains open, however, because the observed product might also be formed from the protonated form of 2-aminothiazoles. A surprising... 

Simple considerations show that the membrane potential cannot be treated with computer simulations, and continuum electrostatic methods may constimte the only practical approach to address such questions. The capacitance of a typical lipid membrane is on the order of 1 j.F/cm-, which corresponds to a thickness of approximately 25 A and a dielectric constant of 2 for the hydrophobic core of a bilayer. In the presence of a membrane potential the bulk solution remains electrically neutral and a small charge imbalance is distributed in the neighborhood of the interfaces. The membrane potential arises from... 

It has been claimed that the elimination of tosylates of 3a-alcohols in 5jS-series gives 3-oleflns with high selectivity. However, the homogeneity of these products is questionable, in view of recent findings concerning the ehmination of 3-chloro compounds (see below) and Fieser s results with the elimination of methyl lithocholate tosylate (ref. 232, cf. ref. 233). Neutral alumina may also be used to effect elimination of tosylates of 3j5-alcohols if the alumina is pretreated with potassium hydroxide the inverted alcohol is the predominant product. 

As stated in Section I, columns should be selected so the low molar mass portions of the samples in question can be sufficiently separated from the elution interval of the system peaks. This task cannot always be accomplished, e.g., dimethylacetamide often replaces dimethylformamide as a GPC eluent the analyzed, mostly polar, samples require a neutral salt (e.g., FiBr) (7). The calibration is usually carried out with poly(methylmethacrylate) standards... 

Attempts have been made to deduce the structure of the predominant form of a potentially tautomeric compound from the shifts which occur in the ultraviolet spectrum of the compound in question on passing from neutral to basic or acidic solutions. The fact that no bathochromic shifts were observed for 2- and 4-hydroxy quinoline and 1-hydroxyisoquinoline under these conditions was taken as evidence that they existed in the oxo form [similar work on substituted quinol-4-ones led to no definite conclusions ]. A knowledge of the dissociation constants is essential to studies of this type, and the conclusions can, in any case, be only very tentative. A further dif-... 

There are two basic questions which can be decided only by experiments. First, we must know whether the metal or the oxygen is present in excess, and second, we must know how the excess component is incorporated in the oxide lattice. In connection with the latter question we have to remember that a non-stoichiometric crystal remains electrically neutral (except in narrow regions near the surfaces), so that if the excess component is present in the crystal as ions, lattice defects with charges of opposite sign must necessarily be present also (see Figs. 1.77 and 1.78). The most important defect structures will be discussed in this section. 

In acidic solution at low pH, a carboxylic acid is completely undissociated and exists entirely as RCO2H- In basic solution at high pH, a carboxylic acid is completely dissociated and exists entirely as RC02 - Inside living cells, however, the pH is neither acidic nor basic but is instead buffered to nearly neutral pH—in humans, to pH = 7.3, a value often referred to as physiological pH. In what form, then, do carboxylic acids exist inside cells The question is an important one for understanding the acid catalysts so often found in biological reactions. 

The suggestion of the present author is more radical. It is suggested that both of these rules, n + f for neutral atoms and the rule of increasing n for bonded atoms, are somewhat irrelevant in the question of the foundations of the periodic system. This is because chemical identity resides at the level of the nucleus and therefore with atomic number, and not at the ever-changing level of electrons whose configuration is summarized by the aforementioned rules.14... 

It may be questioned, of course, whether it is correct to take the sequence of (neutral) substituents, if one adds the respective anions (Nu-) to the diazonium ions. In the products X — C6H4 — N2 — Nu in which Nu is separated from the benzene ring by the azo group, however, the substituent Nu is comparable to the compounds X — C6H4 — Nu. 

Studies of ligands which might provide specificity in binding to various oxidation states of plutonium seems a particularly promising area for futher research. If specific ion electrodes could be developed for the other oxidation states, study of redox reactions would be much facilitated. Fast separation schemes which do not change the redox equilibria and function at neutral pH values would be helpful in studies of behavior of tracer levels of plutonium in environmental conditions. A particularly important question in this area is the role of PuOj which has been reported to be the dominant soluble form of plutonium in some studies of natural waters (3,14). 

Below is the titration curve for the neutralization of 25 mL of a monoprotic acid with a strong base. Answer the following questions about the reaction and explain your reasoning in each case, (a) Is the acid strong or weak (b) What is the initial hydronium ion concentration of the acid (c) What is K, for the acid (d) What is the initial concentration of the... 

The field of modified electrodes spans a wide area of novel and promising research. The work dted in this article covers fundamental experimental aspects of electrochemistry such as the rate of electron transfer reactions and charge propagation within threedimensional arrays of redox centers and the distances over which electrons can be transferred in outer sphere redox reactions. Questions of polymer chemistry such as the study of permeability of membranes and the diffusion of ions and neutrals in solvent swollen polymers are accessible by new experimental techniques. There is hope of new solutions of macroscopic as well as microscopic electrochemical phenomena the selective and kinetically facile production of substances at square meters of modified electrodes and the detection of trace levels of substances in wastes or in biological material. Technical applications of electronic devices based on molecular chemistry, even those that mimic biological systems of impulse transmission appear feasible and the construction of organic polymer batteries and color displays is close to industrial use. 

If the reaction is between two gas-phase species, then this reaction could be a source of cloud condensation nuclei, or simply a means to neutralize an acidic aerosol. Although there are some questions concerning the measurement of atmospheric HNO3, (Lawson, 1988) most measurements indicate that gaseous HNO3 concentrations predominate over particle NOi". 

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