Neuronal migration and

Several human genetic mutations exist that disrupt neuronal migration and cortical layer morphogenesis. These cause an arrest of the migration of cortical neurons, which produces various degrees of mental retardation and seizures (Gleeson and Walsh, 2000). 

A mutation in the reeler gene has recently been associated with autism (Keller et al., 2000). Mild abnormalities in cortical neuron migration and in reelin-containing cortical interneurons have been observed in the brains of schizophrenic subjects (Guidotti et ah, 2000). Therefore, a mutation in the reelin gene has also been implicated in schizophrenia. Changes in reelin have also been reported in the hippocampus in affective disorders (Eatemi et al., 2000). 

Rakic P (1988) Defects of neuronal migration and the pathogenesis of cortical malformations. Prog Brain Res 73 15-37. 

Calof, A.L. and Lander, A.D. (1991) Relationship between neuronal migration and cell-substratum adhesion laminin and merosin promote olfaetory neuronal migration but are anti-adhesive. J. Cell Biol. 115 119—194. 

Calof, A.L., Campanero, M.R., O Rear, J.J., Yurchenco, P.D. and Lander, A.D. (1994) Domain-specific activation of neuronal migration and neurite outgrowth-promoting activities of laminin. Neuran 13 117-130. 

Knusel, B., Rabin, S.J., Hefti, F. and Kaplan, D.R. (1994) Regulated neurotrophin receptor responsiveness during neuronal migration and early differentiation. J. Neurosci. 14 1542-1554. 

Neural recognition molecules, also called cellcell adhesion molecules (CAMs), are involved in neuron-neuron and neuron-glia interactions, e.g. neuronal migration and neurite outgrowth (Doherty and Walsh, 1989). In general, CAMs can be divided into (1) molecules of the immunoglobulin superfamily (Ig-family), which operate in a calcium-independent fashion (2) cadherins (CADs), which bind in a calcium-dependent manner and (3) other molecules (see below reviewed in Edelman and Crossin, 1991). 

Thyroid hormones regulate processes of terminal brain differentiation, such as dendritic and axonal growth, synaptogen-esis, neuronal migration and myefination. They also modulate... 

Baum, P. D., and Garriga, G. (1997) Neuronal migrations and axon lasciculation are disrupted inina-1 integrin mutants. Neuron 19, 51-62. 

Franco, S.J., Muller, U., 2011. Extracellular matrix functions during neuronal migration and lamination in the mammalian central nervous system. Dev. Neurobiol. 71, 889-900. 

Youn, Y.H. Pramparo, T. Hirotsune, S. Wynshaw-Boris, A. (2009). Distinct dose-dependent cortical neuronal migration and neurite extension defects in Lisl and Ndell mutant mice. The Journal ( Neuroscience, Vol. 29(49), pp. 15520-15530. 

Mendez-Otero R, Santiago MF. Functional role of a specific gangUoside in neuronal migration and neurite outgrowth. Braz Med Biol Res. 2003 36(8) 1003-1013. 

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