Neurological diseases disorders

Chapter VIII - The central nervous system (CNS) elicits limited capacity to recover from injury. Though considerable efforts and means have been deployed to find treatments for neurological diseases, disorders and injuries, there is still no cure for these ailments, and new alternatives for therapy must be explored. Because they generate the main phenotypes of the nervous system, neural stem cells (NSCs) hold the promise to cure a broad range of neurological diseases and injuries. With the confirmation that neurogenesis occurs in the adult... 

The genes of the inducible and the constitutively expressed forms of NOS have been cloned and expressed. The expression of inducible NOS in the brain tissue of animals with experimentally induced neurological disorders (boma disease virus and rabies virus in rats), herpes simplex virus (mice) and experimental allergic encephalitis (in rats) suggests that NO produced by induced NOS may be a toxic fector in the pathogenesis of neurological diseases (Koprowski et /., 1993). 

DiDonato, S., Taroni, F. Disorders of lipid metabolism. In R. N. Rosenberg, S. B. Prusiner, S. DiMauro, R. L. Barchi and E. J. Nestler (eds), The Molecular and Genetic Basis of Neurological Disease. Boston Butterworth-Heinemann, 2003, pp. 591-601. 

Diseases of muscle are usually classified as muscular dystrophies, inflammatory or congenital myopathies, metabolic disorders affecting the muscle, and neurological diseases affecting the innervation of the muscle (so-called motor neuron diseases). In the past, the energy metabolism of some muscular diseases... 

Otitis media inflammation or infection of the middle ear Paget s disease non-metabolic disease of the bones Paraesthesia numbness and tingling sensation Parkinson s disease progressive degenerative neurological disease characterised by tremors and muscle rigidity Periodontitis inflammation of the periodontium Peripheral neuropathies disorders of the peripheral nervous system... 

Parkinsonism is a neurological disease with a variety of origins characterized by tremor, rigidity, akinesia, and disorders of posture and equilibrium. The onset is slow and progressive, with symptoms advancing over months to years. 

The part of the international classification of diseases (ICD 10) concerning psychiatric disorders identifies over 500 different diagnoses or classification terms, divided into 10 main chapters and 100 categories, including classification and diagnostic criteria. These ten main chapters will not all be covered here, because clinical trials and approval data usually do not allow such discrimination. Additionally, some of these categories, such as dementia (code FOO-09) can be covered more appropriately under neurological diseases rather than in a chapter on psychiatric diseases. 

Modified and redrawn, with permission, from Kane J, Malloy M Disorders of lipoproteins. In Rosenberg RN et al [editors] The Molecular and Genetic Basis of Neurological Disease. Butterworth-Heinemann, 1993.)... 

Also known as water diabetes, diabetes insipidus (DI) is a rare chronic disease that causes excessive urination. If not properly treated, it can result in electrolyte imbalance and dehydration. It may be caused by a number of factors, including lithium use (a psychiatric drug used for bipolar disorder), neurological disease, or an inadequate amount of ADH (anti-diuretic hormone, or vasopressin, which is produced by the pituitary gland). DI caused by insufficient ADH is called central diabetes insipidus. 

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