Neuroglia

for taurine that shifts from Purkinje cells to Bergmann glia under conditions of hypo-osmotic stress (Nagelhus et al., 1993) (see Section 3.1.2.) and Zebrin I, that appears in Bergmann glia after lesions of the cerebellum (Dusart et al., 1994). 

Several substances are distributed in zonally distributed Bergmann glial cells. This may be the case for 5 -N, and has been observed for 3-fucosyl-acetyl-lactosamine (FAL) immunoreactivity in mouse cerebellum (Fig. 94) (Bartsch and Mai, 1991 Marani and Mai, 1992). 

The protein kinase types a, ySll, j and C have been localized in Bergmann glia (Shimohama et al., 1990 Hidaka et al., 1988 Wetsel et al., 1992). Bergmann glial cells 

Bergmann glial eells and granular layer astroglia are provided with glutamate reeeptors and, therefore, may be actively involved in the cerebellar neural transmission (Fig. 95) (see Section 3.3.1.). 

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Nerven-, nerve, neuro-. -entzundung,/. neuri. tis. -faser,/. nerve fiber, -gewebe, n. nerve tissue, -kitt, m. (Anat.) neuroglia, -kunde, -lehre, /. neurology, -masse, /. = Nerven-stoff, -reiz, m. nervous stimulus, -stoff, m. nerve substance, neural substance, -system, -werk, n. nervous system, -zelle, /. nerve cell. 

Sanders VJ, Mehta AP, White MG, Achim CL (1998) A murine model of HIV encephalitis xenotransplantation of HIV-infected human neuroglia into SCID mouse brain. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 24(6) 461 67... 

Tififany-Castiglioni E, Sierra EM, Wu JN, et al. 1989. Lead toxicity in neuroglia. Neurotoxicology 10 417-443. 

Neuroglia Non-neuronal support cells in the nervous system, such as astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. 

In 1846, Virchow first recognized the existence in the CNS of a fragile, non-nervous, interstitial component made up of stellate or spindle-shaped cells, morphologically distinct from neurons, which he named neuroglia, or... 

Mugnaini, E. and Walberg F. Ultrastructure of neuroglia. Ergeb. Anat. Entwicklungsgesch. 37 194-236,1964. 

Ibrahim MZ, Briscoe PB, Bayliss OB, et al. 1963. The relationship between enzyme activity and neuroglia in the prodromal and demyelinating stages of cyanide encephalopathy in the rat. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 26 479-486. 

Lombardi, V.R.M., Femandez-Novoa, L., Cacabelos, R. (2003) Neuroglia and neurotrophic factors (NTFs) potential targets for future therapeutics. Curr. Top. Pharmacol., 7, 229-246. 

In the centtal nervous system, cells other than neurones are present. Indeed, they outnumber the neurones. They constitute what is called, collectively, the neuroglia. These cells act as helper , nurse or support cells for the neurones. There are at least four types of glial cells ... 

The neurons are surrounded by neuroglia (or glia) cells. These differ from the neurons in that they do not have electrically excitable membranes. They comprise nearly half the brain volume and function to separate and support... 

The proteinogenic amino acid glutamate (Glu) and the biogenic amine 4-aminobuty-rate derived from it are among the most important neurotransmitters in the brain (see p. 352). They are both synthesized in the brain itself In addition to the neurons, which use Glu or GABA as transmitters, neuroglia are also involved in the metabolism of these substances. 

Both types of neuron take up their transmitter again. Some of it also returns to the neuroglia, where glutamate is amidated back into glutamine. 

Astrocyte. One of the large neuroglia cells of nervous tissue. 

Isolated animal cells in tissue culture, no matter how highly differentiated, tend to revert quickly to one of three basic types known as epitheliocytes, mechanocytes, and amebocytes. Epitheliocytes are closely adherent cells derived from epithelial tissues and thought to be related in their origins to the two surface layers of the embryonic blastula. Mechanocytes, often called fibroblasts or fibrocytes, are derived from muscle, supporting, or connective tissue. Like the amebocytes, they arise from embryonic mesenchymal tissue cells that have migrated inward from the lower side of the blastula (Chapter 32). Neurons, neuroglia, and lymphocytes are additional distinct cell types. 

In addition to neurons, the brain contains 5-10 times as many glial cells of several types. Tire neuroglia occupy 40% of the volume of brain and spinal cord in the human. Some glial cells seem to bridge the space between neurons and bloodcarrying capillaries. Others synthesize myelin. Some are very irregular in shape. 

King JS. 1966. A comparative investigation of neuroglia in representative vertebrates A silver carbonate study. J Morphol 119 435-465. 

Sontheimer H. and Ritchie J. M. (1995). Voltage-gated sodium and calcium channels in neuroglia. In Kettenmann H. and Ransom B. R. (eds.), Neuroglia. Oxford University Press, New York,... 

Thung, I. et al., Neuroendocrine regulation of proliferation, maturation, and de-differen-tiation of neuroglia, Exp. Gerontol., 42, 146, 2007. 

Ramon y Cajal, S. (1899). Contribucion al conocimiento de la neuroglia del cerebro humano. Trab. Lab. Invest. Biol. XI (1913) 255-315. 

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