Neurofibrillary degeneration

Lewis, J., Dickson, D. W., Lin, W.-L. etal. Enhanced neurofibrillary degeneration in transgenic mice expressing mutat tau and APP. Science 293 1487-1491, 2001. 

Grudzien A, Shaw P, Weintraub S, Bigio E, Mash DC, Mesulam MM (2007) Locus coeruleus neurofibrillary degeneration in aging, mild cognitive impairment and early Alzheimer s disease. Neurobiol. Aging 28 327-335. 

Iqbal, K., Alonso Adel, C., El-Akkad, E., Gong, C. X., Haque, N., Khatoon, S., Pei, j. j., Tsujio, L, Wang, J. Z., Grundke-Iqbal, I. (2002). Significance and mechanism of Alzheimer neurofibrillary degeneration and therapeutic targets to inhibit this lesion. J. Mol. Neurosci. 19, 95-99. 

Hamdane M, Delobel P, Sambo AV, Smet C, Begard S, fioUeau A, Landrieu I, Delacourte A, Lippens G, Flament S, Buee L (2003) Neurofibrillary degeneration of the Alzheimer-type tm alternate pathway to neuronal apoptosis Biochem Pharmacol 66 1619-1625 Hayashi T, Shishido N, Nakayama K, Nunomura A, Smith MA, Perry G, Nakamura M (2007) Lipid peroxidation and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal formation by copper ion bound to amyloid-beta peptide. Free Radic Biol Med 43 1552-1559... 

Lewis J, Dickson DW, Lin WL, Chishohn L, Corral A, Jones G, Yen SH, Sahara N, Skipper L, Yager D, Eckman C, Hardy J, Hutton M, McGowan E (2001) Enhanced neurofibrillary degeneration in transgenic mice expressing mutant tau and APR Science 293 1487-1491. 

Savory J, Huang Y, Herman MM, Wills MR. Quantitative image analysis of temporal changes in tau and neurofilament proteins during the course of acute experimental neurofibrillary degeneration Non-phosphorylated epitopes precede phosphorylation. Brain Res 1996 707 272-81. 

Crapper DR, Krishnan B, Dalton AJ Brain aluminium distribution in Alzheimer s disease and experimental neurofibrillary degeneration. Science 180 511-513,1973 Crapper DR, Krishnan SS, Quittkat S Aluminium, neurofibrillary degeneration and Alzheimer s disease. Brain 99 67-80,1976... 

Katz GV Metals and metalloids other than mercury and lead, in Neurotoxicity of Industrial and Commercial Chemicals, Vol 1. Edited by O Donoghue JL. Boca Raton, FL, CRC Press, 1985, pp 171-191 Katzman R Alzheimer s disease. N Engl J Med 314 964-973, 1986 Klatzo I, Wisniewski H, Streicher E Experimental production of neurofibrillary degeneration. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 24 187-199, 1965 Lederman RJ, Henry CE Progressive dialysis encephalopathy. Ann Neurol 4 199-204, 1978... 

Schreeder MT, Favero MS, Hughes JR, et al Dialysis encephalopathy and aluminum exposure an epidemiologic analysis. Journal of Chronic Diseases 36 581-593, 1983 Sedman AB, Wilkening GN, Warady BA, et al Encephalopathy in childhood secondary to aluminum toxicity. J Pediatr 105 836-838, 1984 Terry RD, Pena C Experimental production of neurofibrillary degeneration. J Neuro-pathol Exp Neurol 24 200-210, 1965... 

Crapper, D.R.. Krishnan. S.S. and Quittkat, S. (1976). Aluminum, neurofibrillary degeneration and Alzheimer s disease. Brain, 99,67-80. 

Neurofibrillary degeneration, considered to be a hallmark of AD and related tauopathics, is a consequence of abnormal hyperphosphorylation of tau protein. This in turn may be related to a decrea.se in protein phosphatase (PP 2A) activity found in the AD brain. Interestingly, memantine was shown to inhibit and reverse PP-2A inhibition-induced abnormal hypcrphosphorylation and accumulation of tau in organotypic culture of rat hippocampal slices (Li etal, 2004),... 

Mechanisms of neurofibrillary degeneration and the formation of neurofibrillary tangles. J Neural Transm Suppl 1998 53 169-180. 

Gong CX, Lidsky T, Wegiel J, Zuck L, Grundke-lqbal 1, Iqbal K. Phosphorylation of microtubule-associated protein tau is regulated by protein phosphatase 2A in mammalian brain. Implications for neurofibrillary degeneration in Alzheimer s disease. J Biol Chem 2000 275 5535-5544. 

Crapper, D. R., Aluminium Neurofibrillary Degeneration and Alzheimer s Disease, Brain, 1976, 99 (1), 67-80. 

Pei, J.J., Btaak, E., Braak, H., Grundke-Iqbal, I., Iqbal, K., Winblad, B. and Cowburn, R.R 2001. Localization of active forms of C-jun kinase (INK) and p38 kinase in Alzheimer s disease brains at different stages of neurofibrillary degeneration. J. Alzheimer s Dis. 3 41-48... 

The older hypothesis in which aluminium was said to be involved in the progress of Alzheimer s disease has generated much controversy [37]. It nevertheless inspired the development of early models for Alzheimer s disease. Intracerebral administration of aluminium in rabbits brings about neurofibrillary degeneration in several brain regions and a decrease of choline acetyl transferase in the striatum, but not in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus where the decrease mostly occurs in Alzheimer s disease [38], no amyloid plaques are formed and few changes in other neurotransmitter systems and behaviour have been reported [39]. 

Yatani A, Brown AM (1991) Mechanism of fluoride activation of G protein-gated muscarinic atrial K channels. J Biol Chem 266 22872-222877 Yates CM, Simpson J, Russel D, Gordon A (1980) Cholinergic enzymes in neurofibrillary degeneration produced by aluminium. Brain Res 197 269-274 Yokel RA, McNamara PJ (1985) Aluminum bioavailability and disposition in adult and immature rabbits. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 77 344-352 Zaman K, Mukhtar M, Siddique H, Miszta H (1992) The effect of aluminum on the stromal cells in vitro on bone marrow in rats. Toxicol Ind Health 8 103-109 Zaman K, Zaman W, Dabrowski Z, Miszta H (1993) Inhibition of delta amino-evulinic acid dehydratase activity by aluminum. Comp Biochem Physiol 104C 269-273... 

Leroy K, Yilmaz Z, Brion JP. (2007) Increased level of active GSK-3beta in Alzheimer s disease and accumulation in argyrophilic grains and in neurones at different stages of neurofibrillary degeneration. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 33, 43-55. 

Iqbal K, Wang X, Blanchard J et al. (2010) Alzheimer s disease neurofibrillary degeneration pivotal and multifactorial. Biochem Soc Tram 38, 962-966. 

Crapper, D.R. and Dalton, A J. (1973) Alterations in short-term retention, conditioned avoidance response acquisition and motivation following aluminum induced neurofibrillary degeneration. Physiol. Behav. 10 925-933. 

Increased brain aluminum accumulation is known to be associated with neurofibrillary tangles in some species. The terms neurofibrillary tangle or "neurofibrillary degeneration refer to an accumulation of tangles of neurofibers within the neuron. Electron microscopic examination of aluminum-induced neurofibrillary tangles indicates that they consist of areas of cytoplasmic clearings, filled with either compact orderly bundles or accumu-... 

Not all animals, however, develop neurofibrillary degeneration. The rat, for example, does not develop neurofibrillary tan-gles, even at doses 5-6 times that adequate for the cat (see below for further discussion). 

Crapper, D. R. (1973) Experimental neurofibrillary degeneration and altered electrical activity. Electroencephal. Clin. Neurophysiol. 35, 575-588. 

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