Conditioned avoidance response

Higuchi Y and Fukamachi M. 1977. [Behavioral studies on toxicity of hydrogen sulfide by means of conditioned avoidance responses in rats.] Folia Pharmacologica Japonica 73 307-319. (Japanese)... 

Impaired conditioned avoidance response behavior and hyperactivity (WHO 1984)... 

Smythies, J. R., and Sykes, E. A. (1966) Structure-activity relationship studies on mescaline The effect of dimethoxyphenylethylamine and N N-dimethyl mescaline on the conditioned avoidance response in rat. Psychopharmacologia, 8 324-330. 

Misztal (148) prepared 5-methoxy-N-methyltryptamine (5-OMeN-MeT 36) for the purpose of pharmacologic evaluation, but no data were reported. Smythies and co-workers (210) reported that 5-OMeN-MeT was much less active than either DMT or 5-OMeDMT in disrupting the conditioned avoidance response in rats. Taborsky and Mclsaac (229) also found 5-OMeN-MeT to be less active than 5-OMeDMT. These latter authors further demonstrated that 5-OMeN-MeT was rapidly and nearly quantitatively metabolized by MAO to 5-meth-oxyindole acetic acid. Julia and Manoury (123) investigated 5-methoxy and... 

Examples of common animal models that have been used over the last decade include the following (a) disruption of the conditioned avoidance response in rats (27), (b) mouse head twitch (43), (c) rabbit hyperthermia (1), (d) cat rage response (244) and cat limb flick (121), (e) mouse ear scratch (135,251), (f) flexor and stepping reflex in chronic spinal dog (140,143), (g) serotonin syndrome in rats (118), (h) tactile startle response in rats (68), and (i) two-lever drug discrimination in rats (84). 

The tetralins 18a and 18b were potent serotonin agonists in dog vascular smooth muscle (33) but did not elicit hallucinogen-like action in a conditioned avoidance response model in rats (156). However, 18b is a potent pyretic agent in rabbits and produces a rage response in cats (166). Addition of a double bond into the 3,4-position of the tetralins led to decreased serotonin-like action... 

Similarly, the minimal effective brain level, MEBL (nmol/g), required for the drug to interfere with the conditioned avoidance response of rats correlates linearly with IPav. The least-squares correlation is... 

A large number of compounds in which thiophene was fused to other heterocyclic rings have been investigated, notably in the central nervous system agents. For example, the benzodiazepine derivative (365) is reported to be more active than Clozapine in conditioned avoidance response tests in the rat (80JMC878). The activity of such fused-ring thiophenes has been reviewed (81JHC1277). 

Behavioral and Pharmacological Tests. Behavioral and pharmacological tests involve the observation of clinical signs and behavior. These include signs of changes in awareness, mood, motor activity, central nervous system excitation, posture, motor incoordination, muscle tone, reflexes, and autonomic functions. If these tests so indicate, more specialized tests can be carried out that evaluate spontaneous motor activity, conditioned avoidance responses, operant conditioning, as well as tests for motor incoordination such as the inclined plane or rotarod tests. 

Gonda Z, Miklosi A, Lehotzky K. 1997. The effect of social learning on a conditioned avoidance response of rats treated prenatally with aluminum lactate. Neurotoxicol Teratol 19 59-63. 

Yen-Koo HC. 1992. The effect of aluminum on conditioned avoidance response (CAR) in mice. 

Numerous other animal models of psychosis have been proposed, but few others have been used routinely for drug screening. The model called the conditioned avoidance response is considered important, however. Smith and colleagues describe the test as follows ... 

Arnt, J. 1982, Pharmacological specificity of conditioned avoidance response inhibition in rats inhibition by neuroleptics and correlation to dopamine receptor blockade, Acta Pharmacol.Toxicol.(Copenh), vol. 51, no. 4, pp. 321-329. 

Tasaka, K., Kamei, C., Akahori, H., Kitazumi, K. 1985, The effects of histamine and some related compounds on conditioned avoidance response in rats, Life Sci., vol. 37, no. 21, pp. 2005-2014. 

Shannon HE, Hart JC, Bymaster FP, Calligaro DO, DeLapp NW, et al. 1999. Muscarinic receptor agonists, like dopamine receptor antagonist antipsychotics, inhibit conditioned avoidance response in rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 290 901-907. 

Gulley JM, Rebec GV (2003) Modulatory effects of ascorbate, alone or with haloperidol, on a lever-release conditioned avoidance response task. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 63 125-129. 

Conditioned Avoidance Response Sensitivity Test - Dogs... 

Lavallee (50) reported that doses of 3-qulnuclldlnyl benzllate at 10 and 18 >ig/kg had no progressive effects on performance of a multiple-stimulus conditioned-avoidance response by dogs, but doses of 24 and 32 ng/kg decreased the number of correct responses progressively. Monkeys given doses of 32 and 56 ug/kg may have made a few more errors In a vlsual-dlscrlmlnatlon avoidance task chan monkeys given no compound, but the difference was not statistically significant In the absence of control data. 

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