Neurodegenerative diseases systemic

NHE5. The distribution of this isoform is distinct, being in neuronal-rich areas of the central nervous system. Low levels have also been found in testis, spleen and skeletal muscle. Like the preceding isoforms, NHE5 is found in the plasma membrane and is internalised by clathrin-associated endocytosis into recycling endosomes. The normal role of NHE5 is unknown but its malfunction is speculated to contribute to the development of neurodegenerative disease. 

Cartier L, Hartley O, Dubois-Dauphin M, Krause KH (2005) Chemokine receptors in the central nervous system role in brain inflammation and neurodegenerative diseases. Brain Res Brain Res Rev 48 16-42... 

CXCR3 is expressed in the immnne system as two isoforms, CXCR3-A and CXCR3-B. It is an important chemokine receptor associated with varions inflammatory neurodegenerative diseases (e.g. multiple sclerosis) and other models of nenronal injury as reviewed by (Liu et al. 2005). 

Endogenous estrogens are known to be active in a number of areas of the brain. There are indications that estrogens may play a role in mood, locomotor activity, pain sensitivity, vulnerability to neurodegenerative diseases and cognition (McEwan, 1999). In humans, the blood brain barrier is not fiilly developed at birth and, for this reason, the central nervous system (CNS) may be more sensitive to phytoestrogens in utero or at birth. As ERs are expressed in the CNS, phytoestrogens may also be active in this area. 

IGF-I is widely expressed in the central nervous system. IGF-II is also present, being produced mainly by tissues at vascular interfaces with the brain. Both growth factors, along with insulin, play a number of important roles in the nervous system. They stimulate the growth and development of various neuronal populations and promote neurotrophic effects (discussed later) and may, therefore, be of potential use in the treatment of various neurodegenerative diseases. 

Pratt, B. M. and McPherson, J. M. TGF-beta in the central nervous system potential roles in ischemic injury and neurodegenerative diseases. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 8 267-292,1997. 

Moreover,bioactive lipids maybe considered dual messengers they modulate cell functions as messengers and they become part of the response of the nervous tissue to injury, broadly referred to as the inflammatory response. This response occurs in ischemia-reperfusion damage associated with stroke, various forms of neurotrauma, infectious diseases and neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer s disease. Inflammation in the nervous system differs from that in other tissues. If the blood-brain barrier is broken, blood-borne inflammatory cells (e.g. polymorphonuclear leukocytes, monocytes, macrophages) invade the intercellular space and glial cells are activated, particularly microglia, which play a prominent role in the inflammatory response. These responses may... 

Ciechanover, A. and Brundin, P. The ubiquitin proteasome system in neurodegenerative diseases sometimes the chicken, sometimes the egg. Neuron, 2003, 40, 427 6. 

The term neurodegenerative disease is used for several conditions of chronic, usually progressive, ill health caused by a chronic breakdown and deterioration of the neurons, particularly those of the central nervous system (CNS). Often, a deficiency of one or more neurochemicals, particularly neurotransmitters, is associated with the disease. Neurogenerative disease... 

CBP displays important functions during central nervous system development and increasing evidence suggests that CBP loss of function is involved not only in RTS but also in further neurodegenerative diseases, such as polyglutamine-related pathologies (Fiuntington s disease), Alzheimer s disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis [9]. 

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive, usually fatal, neurodegenerative disease caused by the degeneration of motor neurons in the central nervous system. No cure has yet been found for ALS. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved riluzole as the first drug treatment for the disease. It delays the onset of ventilator-dependence or tracheostomy in selected patients. A Cochrane review states a 9% gain in the probability of surviving one year (see Miller et ah, 2007). 

Kawahara M. Effects of alnminum on the nervous system and its possible link with neurodegenerative diseases. J Alzheimers Dis 2005 8(2) 171-82. 

Neuronal cell death is required for the development of the nervous system. However, recent studies suggest that neurons die from programmed cell death (apoptosis) in brains deprived of oxygen by stroke [14] and trauma [15], and in the brains of Alzheimer s patients [16], Therefore, prevention of neuronal apoptosis has been considered to be a desirable therapeutic strategy for treating such neurodegenerative diseases, although the value of this approach is not yet evident. We have recently reported that crocin suppresses tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-a-... 

Indications Central nervous system disease, lysosome storage disease, neurodegenerative disease, spinal cord injury Technology Stem-cell therapy... 

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