Networked polymers, synthesis

Michailov YM, Ganina LV, Smirnov VS. (2002) Phase equilibrium in biphase polymer systems based on Diglycidyl Ether of Bisphenol A. In Rozenberg BA, Sigalov GM (eds.). Heterophase Network Polymers Synthesis, Characterization, and Properties, pp. 33-42, CRC Press. 

Irzhak VI, Rozenberg BA, Enikolopyan NS (1979) Setchatye polimery sintez, struktura, svoistva (Network polymers Synthesis, structure, properties) Nauka, Moscow, p 248... 

V.L Irzhak, B.A. Rozenberg and N.S. Enikolopyan, Network Polymers Synthesis, Structure, and Properties, Nauka, Moscow, Russia, 1979. 

Organic Network Formers. As indicated above, an additional organic network can be built up by organic polymer synthesis within an inorganic network. The basic principles are shown in Equations 3 to 5 with a vinyl, methyl methacrylate and epoxide polymerization ... 

The ubiquitous hydrosilation reaction, popular especially in silicone manufacturing,132 has been utilized by Houser and Keller for the synthesis of the networked polymers (104) (Fig. 64) from the reaction of the l,7-bis(vinyltetramethyldisiloxyl)-w-carborane monomer with the polymeric crosslinker, poly(methylhydrosiloxane).133 The reactions were catalyzed by the Speier s catalyst, H2PtCl6. Three samples were... 

Dusek, K., Networks from telechelic polymers theory and application to polyurethanes, in Goethals, E. J. (ed.), Telechelic Polymers Synthesis and Applications, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, (1989), pp. 289-360. 

Protein polymers based on Lys-25 were prepared by recombinant DNA (rDNA) technology and bacterial protein expression. The main advantage of this approach is the ability to directly produce high molecular weight polypeptides of exact amino acid sequence with high fidelity as required for this investigation. In contrast to conventional polymer synthesis, protein biosynthesis proceeds with near-absolute control of macromolecular architecture, i.e., size, composition, sequence, topology, and stereochemistry. Biosynthetic polyfa-amino acids) can be considered as model uniform polymers and may possess unique structures and, hence, materials properties, as a consequence of their sequence specificity [11]. Protein biosynthesis affords an opportunity to completely specify the primary structure of the polypeptide repeat and analyze the effect of sequence and structural uniformity on the properties of the protein network. 

Lavochnik Yu.B., Beghishev V.P., Synthesis and Properties of Network Polymers and Compositions, Ural Branch AN SSSR, Sverdlovsk (1990) - in Russian. 

HeXW et al. (1992) Poly(dimethylsiloxane)/poly(methyl methacrylate) interpenetrating polymer networks. 2. Synthesis and properties. Polymer 33(4) 866—871... 

Functional groups play here the role of active centers. If their number in each monomer is two, only linear macromolecules will be obtained as a result of the synthesis. In order to prepare branched and network polymers, among monomers involved those having three and more functional groups should be present. 

It is clear that Tgxp is a function of curing conversion or molecular weight (for linear polymers) at adiff. One can observe a noticeable difference between T xp and T for such processes of polymer synthesis as polyaddition or condensation polymerization reactions. It is especially important for polymers with high T . For many heat-resistant polymers, T is higher than the temperature limit of their chemical decomposition. We can never reach natural T for these polymers. For such polymers, one really measures only Tgxp, the value of which depends on the reaction conditions. For structure-glass transition temperature correlations of networks, T is the most important quantity. 

Precrosslinked" or "intramolecularly crosslinked" particles are micronetworks [1]. They represent structures intermediate between branched and macroscopically crosslinked systems. Their overall dimensions are still comparable with those of high molecular weight linear polymers, the internal structure of micronetworks (p-gels), however, resembles a typical network [2]. Synthesis is performed either in dilute solution or in a restricted reaction volume, e.g., in the micelles of an emulsion. Particle size and particle size distribution can be controlled by reaction conditions. Functional groups can be... 

Fig. 9.11. Reaciion scheme for the synthesis of network-polymeric CSPs and representative chromatograms, (a) Derivatization of A, A -diallyl-(R.R)-tartaric acid diamide (DATD) to give the bifunctional monomers used as chiral SO units, (b) Cross-linking and immobilization by hydrosilylation with multifunctional hydrosilane (alternatively, cross-linking and immobilization can be performed first with DATD followed by O-derivatization). (c) Enantioseparation of 2-(octylsulphinyl)benzoic acid. The chromatograms illustrate the column performance under non-overloadcd (left) and overloaded conditions (right). CSP network polymer from /V. -diallyl-i/il.Rl-tartaric acid diamide fc/.s-. i.S-dimethylbenzoatc bound to. ) pm 1.50 A Kromasil. Mobile phase hexane-THF (80 20 v/v) with 0.0.55 - of TFA (reprinted with permission from Ref. [194]).

Fundamental aspects on the synthesis and characterisation of imprinted network polymers... 

Shea KJ (1994) Molecular imprinting of synthetic network polymers the synthesis of macro-molecular binding and catalytic site. Trends Polym Sci 2 166... 

Shea, K.J, Molecular imprinting of synthetic network polymers the de-novo synthesis of macromolecular binding and catalytic sites, Trends. Polym. Sci. 1994, 19, 9-14... 

The primary structure of macromolecules is defined as the sequential order of monomers connected via covalent chemical bonds. This structural level includes features such as chain length, order of monomer attachment in homopolymers (head-to-head, head-to-tail placement), order of monomer attachment in various copolymers (block copolymers, statistical and graft copolymers, chemical composition of co-monomers), stereoregularity, isomers, and molecular topology in different branched macromolecules and molecular networks. Structure at this primary level can be manipulated by polymer synthesis [4]. With AFM it is possible to visualize, under certain conditions, single macromolecules (Fig. 3.2) and it is even possible to manipulate these (i.e. push with AFM tips). Characteristics of chain-internal... 

Becu, L. Sautereau, H. Maazouz, A. Gerard, J.F. Pabon, M. Pichot, C. Synthesis and structure-property relationships of acrylic core-shell particle-toughened epoxy networks. Polym. Adv. Technol. 1995, 6, 316-325. 

The same group also reported a disperse system consisting of N-oxyl-immobilized polyethylene particles as disperse phase and aqueous NaHC03-NaBr as disperse medium [19]. N-Oxyl-immobilized poly(p-phenylenebenzobisthiazolc) network polymer particles (PBZTNT-N-oxyl) have also been developed. The polymer is effective for the anodic oxidation of alcohols to afford the corresponding ketones, aldehydes, and/ or carboxylic adds [20]. These achievements nicely demonstrate the potential of liquid-solid disperse systems for eledroorganic synthesis. 

All interpenetrating polymer networks utilize two different polymers. The exception involves the homo-IPNs, where both polymers are identical [Millar, 1960 Siegfried et al., 1979]. While these polymers may be synthesized by any of the known methods of polymer synthesis, some methods clearly work better in given objectives than others. The principal kinetic methods used are chain and step polymerization. 

In 2008 the same authors reported the synthesis of polyaniline-type size-selective hypercrosslinked network polymers [262]. According to the developed protocol, leucoemeraldine polyaniline and diaminobenzene were coupled with diiodobenzene and tribromobenzene. The resulting... 

Fig. 6 Reaction scheme for synthesis of microporous phthalocynanine-containing network polymers [50]...

Mukae, K., Bae, Y.H., Okano, T. et al. 1990b. New thermosensitive hydrogel Polyfethylene oxide-dimethyl-siloxane-ethylene oxide)/poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) interpenetrating polymer networks. I. synthesis and characterization. Polym 7. 22 206-217. 

Sellergren, B. Hall, A.J. Fundamental aspects on the synthesis and characterization of imprinted network polymers. In Molecularly Imprinted Polymers. Elsevier Amsterdam, the Netherlands, 2001 p. 21. 

Fig. 19 Mechanism and synthesis of photohealable metallosupramolecular polymers, (a) Proposed optical healing of a metallosupramolecular, phase separated network, (b) Synthesis of macromonomer 3 and polymerizatiMi by addition of Zn(NTf2)2. DEAD, diethyl azodicarboxylate. Reproduced with ptamission from 75]...

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