Nervous system neural tube defects

It is recommended that women of childbearing age take 400 pg/d synthetic folic acid as a supplement in order to reduce the risk of neural tube defects of the embryo when they later become pregnant (periconcep-tional folic acid supplementation) [2]. When supplementing folic acid, it should be considered that this vitamin can mask the simultaneous presence of vitamin B12 deficiency. The typical symptom of vitamin B12 deficiency, megaloblastic (= macrocytic) anemia, will be reduced by high doses of folic acid, yet the nervous system will - in the long run - be irreversibly damaged (= funicular myelitis) when vitamin B12 is not provided as well. 

Neural tube defects Birth defect resulting from improper development of the central nervous system. 

The target organs of chloroform toxicity in humans and animals are the central nervous system, liver, and kidneys. There is a great deal of similarity between chloroform-induced effects following inhalation and oral exposure. No studies were located regarding reproductive effects in humans after exposure to chloroform alone however, Bove et al. (1995) studied the effects of drinking-water consumption on birth outcomes and found that exposure to TTHM at levels >0.1 ppm resulted in reduced birth weight and size as well as an increased risk of oral cleft, central nervous system, and neural tube defects. Since the authors... 

High doses of folic acid can mask signs of B12 deficiency, which is a risk in elderly people. Patients taking phenytoin (Dilantin) for seizures should be cautious about taking folic acid because it can increase the risk of seizures. During the first trimester of pregnancy, folic acid deficiency can affect the development of the central nervous system (CNS) of the fetus this can lead to neural tube defects (NTDs) such as spina bifida, a defective closure of the bony structure of the spinal cord, or anencephaly, lack of brain mass formation... 

Superfund sites are sites that emit numerous neurotoxins into the air and water environments. Love Canal studies have shown nervous system effects that can be attributed to living near a toxic waste site. I36 Elevated neural tube defects in offspring were identified with mothers residing proximate to hazardous waste sites. I49 50 It has also been shown that people residing close to industrial facilities that emit solvents or metals have offspring with increased CNS defects J51l... 

Adequate amounts of folic acid are especially important in fetal development, during the first eight weeks of life following fertilization. The compound is essential to promote normal development of the fetal nervous system. Folic acid deficiencies in the mother during this period may result in neural tube defects such as spina bifida or anencephaly, a condition in which the fetus brain and skull fail to develop normally. The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommend that pregnant women take 600 micrograms of folic acid daily to avoid such problems. 

Wei C Yinqiao Pian, 771 nervousness bofutsushosan, 774 Ephedra, 11A liraglutide, 693 nervous system depression chloroform, 195 prilocaine, 216 rupatadine, 274-5 neural tube defects caffeine, 6-7 neurodevelopment delay amiodarone, 294 neuroexdtation pethidine (meperidine), 151 neuroleptic malignant syndrome aripiprazole, 61 lithium, 27... 

Folate plays an important role in the development and function of the central nervous system. The high folate levels in cerebrospinal fluid give an indication of its importance. An insufficient folate status during the early weeks of gestation leads to problems with the development of the neural tube. Peri-conceptual folic acid reduces the rate of neural tube defects in the general population, and is the reason for the mandatory folic acid fortification of cereals in the US and Canada. 

The incidence of associated anomalies is much higher if the horseshoe kidney is discovered in the newborn period. In postmortem examinations of 99 infants with horseshoe kidneys, 78% had malformations of other organ systems such as the central nervous system, the gastrointestinal tract, and the skeletal and cardiovascular system (Zondek and Zondek 1964). One-third of patients with horseshoe kidney had at least one other abnormality (Boatman et al. 1972). Several well-known syndromes are associated with fused kidney. Trisomy 18 has an incidence of 21% (Warkany et al. 1966 Boatman et al. 1972). In US studies, Lippe et al. (1988) noted horseshoe kidneys in 7% of patients with Turner s syndrome. In patients with neural tube defects, there is also an increased incidence of horseshoe kidneys (Whitaker and Hunt 1987). Nearly one-third of patients with a horseshoe kidney remain undiagnosed throughout life (Glenn 1959 Pitts and Muecke 1975). 

The correct level of the active metabolites of vitamin A which control the nuclear receptor signalling pathway is required for appropriate embryonic development. Too much or too little of the receptor ligands is equally harmful for the embryo. It has been well documented that when there is an excess of vitamin A or its metabolites during embryonic development, defects occur in the CNS. An excess of RA causes specific defects of the anterior hindbrain whereby anterior rhombomeres can be lost or respecified to more posterior areas or it can cause poste-riorization of the whole CNS, whereby forebrain structures are lost [36, 50, 86-88]. More recently, Maden et al. describe defects that arise in the central nervous system of quail embryos when they develop in the absence of vitamin A [50]. There are three defects in these embryos (1) the posterior hindbrain is completely missing (2) the neural tube fails to extend neurites out into the periphery (3) the neural crest cells die. 

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