Neonatal toxicity

Reversal of fetal or neonatal toxicity with flumazenii (19)... 

Codeine Minimal Safe in most cases. Neonatal toxicity described when the mother is an ultra rapid 2D6 metabolizer, producing substantially more morphine from codeine. 

No studies were located regarding developmental effects of diazinon in humans after oral exposure. Laboratory animal studies with mice provide evidence that exposure to diazinon via mother s milk does not result in neonatal toxicity. Results of toxicity evaluation in rats, mice, hamsters, and rabbits also... 

Genetic and Neonatal Toxicity. The ability of heavy metals readily to cross the placenta and disrupt nucleic acids coupled with the high sensitivity of the fetus and neonate increases the potential dangers of congenital and neonatal toxicity. In mammalian leukocyte cultures, chromosomal aberrations have been reported with lead (112), arsenic (113), mercury (114), and methylmercury (115). Charbonneau, et al. (116) reported a lack of mutagenic effect for methylmercury. 

Chang BW, Wade PR, Pounds JG (1980) Prenatal and neonatal toxicity and pathology of heavy metals. Adv. Pharmacol. Chemother. 17 195-231 Cook JA, Hoffmann ED, DiLuzio NR (1975) Influence of lead and cadmium on the susceptibility of rats to bacterial challenge. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 150 741 Cousins RJ, Barber AK, Trout JR (1973) Cadmiiam toxicity in growing swine. J. Nutr. 103 964-972... 

An additional study reported age-dependent effects. Lakshmana and Raju (1994) found that oral treatment of rat pups with endosulfan from postnatal days 2-10 resulted in changes in the concentration of noradrenalin, dopamine, and serotonin in various brain areas that differed either in magnitude or direction from changes seen in pups treated from postnatal days 2-23. While the results from this study do not necessarily indicate that neonates are more sensitive to the toxic effects of endosulfan, they do show that the duration of exposure in neonates is an important parameter to consider. 

The limited toxicity data available for endosulfan suggest that several subgroups of the population may be more susceptible to endosulfan exposure than the general population. These subgroups include the unborn and neonates the elderly and people with liver, kidney, or neurological diseases, - effects that have been better characterized in animal studies. 

Children s Susceptibility. No studies were located in which comparisons were made between the sensitivity of children and adults to the toxicity of americium. Animal studies indicate that juvenile dogs are less susceptible than adults to americium-induced bone cancer (Lloyd et al. 1999). No direct evidence was located to indicate that the pharmacokinetics of americium in children may be different from that in adults. Based on dosimetric considerations related to differences in the parameters of available models, as well as studies in animals, it seems likely that children may be more susceptible to americium toxicity than are adults by virtue of age-related differences in pharmacokinetics. Absorption of ingested americium may be as much as 200 times greater in neonatal animals than in adults. (Bomford and Harrison 1986 David and Harrison 1984 Sullivan et al. 1985). 

Many of these reactions are related to the quantity of excipient found in a dosage form. Benzyl alcohol benzalkonium chloride, propylene glycol, lactose, and polysorbates are all associated with dose-related toxic reactions [52-54], Large-volume parenterals containing 1.5% benzyl alcohol as a preservative have caused metabolic acidosis, cardiovascular collapse, and death in low birth weight premature neonates and infants. The cumulative dose of benzyl alcohol ranged from 99 to 234 mg/kg per day in these patients [55,56], Dose-related adverse effects to excipients are of particular concern in the preterm, low birth weight infant because... 

Transdermal Administration. The development of the stratum corneum is complete at birth and is considered to have permeability similar to that of adults, except in preterm infants [81], Preterm neonates and infants have an underdeveloped epidermal barrier and are subject to excessive absorption of potentially toxic ingredients from topically applied products. 

G. Little and A. Pruiu, Benzyl alcohol Toxic agent in neonatal units, Pediatrics, 72, 356 (1983). 

The answer is c. (Hardman, pp 1134-1135.) Hematologic toxicity is by far the most important adverse effect of chloramphenicol The toxicity consists of two types (1) bone marrow depression (common) and (2) aplastic anemia (rare) Chloramphenicol can produce a potentially fatal toxic reaction, the gray baby syndrome, caused by diminished ability of neonates to conjugate chloramphenicol with resultant high serum concentrations. Tetracyclines produce staining of the teeth and phototoxicity... 

Toraason, M., M.E. Luken, M. Brietenstein, J.A. Krueger, and R.E. Biagini. 1989. Comparative toxicity of allylamine and acrolein in cultured myocytes and fibroblasts from neonatal rat heart. Toxicology 56 107-117. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 1980. Ambient Water Quality Criteria for Acrolein. U.S. Environ. Protect. Agen. Rep. 440/5-80-016. 94 pp. 

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