Negligence, standards

The latter view prevailed but generated yet another set of issues as to whether disclosure rules should be evaluated from the perspective of professionals or patients. Some courts took the narrower view of duty by ruling that professional standards should be used to determine what should be disclosed to patients. Although this theory of "lack of informed consent" was distinct from whether the health care provider had violated the standard of care, most courts, and many legislatures, confined the doctrine s operation to a very narrow set of circumstances consistent with the negligence standard underlying the standard of care in medical cases. Other courts took what is called the broader view and leaned toward the patient s perspective while requiring juries to impose the reasonable patient s view of risk rather than the particular patient s view of risks. 

The uncertainty associated with the sample metal content is estimated from the weighing, dilution and interpolation sources (Fig. lb). The model used for the calculation of the contribution from the interpolation source assumes negligible standards preparation uncertainty when compared with the instrumental random oscillation [5, 10],... 

At the time of the trial, the offence of manslaughter utilised an objective recklessness standard, as established in R v Lawrence [1982] AC 510 and R v Seymour [1983] 2 AC 493, rather than the gross negligence standard utilised following the subsequent decision in R v Adomako [1995] 1 AC 171. 

The standard-state fugacity of any component must be evaluated at the same temperature as that of the solution, regardless of whether the symmetric or unsymmetric convention is used for activity-coefficient normalization. But what about the pressure At low pressures, the effect of pressure on the thermodynamic properties of condensed phases is negligible and under such con-... 

Figure B2.5.7 shows the absorption traces of the methyl radical absorption as a fiinction of tune. At the time resolution considered, the appearance of CFt is practically instantaneous. Subsequently, CFl disappears by recombination (equation B2.5.28). At temperatures below 1500 K, the equilibrium concentration of CFt is negligible compared witli (left-hand trace) the recombination is complete. At temperatures above 1500 K (right-hand trace) the equilibrium concentration of CFt is appreciable, and thus the teclmique allows the detennination of botli the equilibrium constant and the recombination rate [54, M]. This experiment resolved a famous controversy on the temperature dependence of the recombination rate of methyl radicals. Wliile standard RRKM theories [, ] predicted an increase of the high-pressure recombination rate coefficient /r (7) by a factor of 10-30 between 300 K and 1400 K, the statistical-adiabatic-chaunel model predicts a...

The density determination may be carried out at the temperature of the laboratory. The liquid should stand for at least one hour and a thermometer placed either in the liquid (if practicable) or in its immediate vicinity. It is usually better to conduct the measurement at a temperature of 20° or 25° throughout this volume a standard temperature of 20° will be adopted. To determine the density of a liquid at 20°, a clean, corked test-tube containing about 5 ml. of toe liquid is immersed for about three-quarters of its length in a water thermostat at 20° for about 2 hours. An empty test-tube and a shallow beaker (e.g., a Baco beaker) are also supported in the thermostat so that only the rims protrude above the surface of the water the pycnometer is supported by its capillary arms on the rim of the test-tube, and the small crucible is placed in the beaker, which is covered with a clock glass. When the liquid has acquired the temperature of the thermostat, the small crucible is removed, charged with the liquid, the pycnometer rapidly filled and adjusted to the mark. With practice, the whole operation can be completed in about half a minute. The error introduced if the temperature of the laboratory differs by as much as 10° from that of the thermostat does not exceed 1 mg. if the temperature of the laboratory is adjusted so that it does not differ by more than 1-2° from 20°, the error is negligible. The weight of the empty pycnometer and also filled with distilled (preferably conductivity) water at 20° should also be determined. The density of the liquid can then be computed. 

To determine which step has the greatest effect on the overall variance, both si, and si must be known. The analysis of replicate samples can be used to estimate the overall variance. The variance due to the method is determined by analyzing a standard sample, for which we may assume a negligible sampling variance. The variance due to sampling is then determined by difference. 

Electrochemical methods covered in this chapter include poten-tiometry, coulometry, and voltammetry. Potentiometric methods are based on the measurement of an electrochemical cell s potential when only a negligible current is allowed to flow, fn principle the Nernst equation can be used to calculate the concentration of species in the electrochemical cell by measuring its potential and solving the Nernst equation the presence of liquid junction potentials, however, necessitates the use of an external standardization or the use of standard additions. 

Determine the molar concentration of V (V) in the sample of sea water, assuming that the standard additions result in a negligible change in the sample s volume. 

Other Types of Portland Cements. White Portland cementis standard Type I or III Pordand cement with raw materials selected and controUed to have negligible amounts of Hon and manganese oxides, which impart the gray color. The white Pordand cement is used in decorative and architectural appHcations like precast curtain waUs, terra22o surfaces, stucco, tile grout, and decorative concrete. 

Wave interaetions will often eause a solid to be shoeked more than onee. For materials initially at standard eonditions, the state aehieved by the first shoek wave must lie on the prineipal Hugoniot. Any subsequent shoek wave is eentered on that preshoeked state, and in general will lie on a different reeentered, or seeond Hugoniot. However, for small strains in most materials it ean be shown that the differenee between the prineipal and seeond Hugoniots is negligible for most purposes (see Problems, Seetion 2.20). 

With respect to the formation of unwanted polyaromatic hydrocarbons in the pyrolytic process, it has been shown that conditions can be maintained where such fonuation is negligible according to EPA and OSHA standards. As production rates are increased, it will be incumbent on any manufacturer to maintain a set of operating parameters which produce an environmentally-benign product however, current information regarding the process for fiber formation reveals no barriers to accomplishing this. 

We wish to apply weighted linear least-squares regression to Eq. (6-2), the linearized form of the Arrhenius equation. Let us suppose that our kinetic studies have provided us with data consisting of Tj, and for at least three temperatures, where o, is the experimental standard deviation of fc,. We will assume that the error in T is negligible relative to that in k. For convenience we write Eq. (6-2) as... 

In practice the finite-field calculation is not so simple because the higher-order terms in the induced dipole and the interaction energy are not negligible. Normally we use a number of applied fields along each axis, typically multiples of 10 " a.u., and use the standard techniques of numerical analysis to extract the required data. Such calculations are not particularly accurate, because they use numerical methods to find differentials. 

Recent experience has confirmed that, by adopting the recommendations of the British Standards Institution or similar codes of practice operating in other countries, the likelihood of corrosion damage to buried structures adjacent to cathodically protected installations is negligible. This is because recently installed cathodically protected structures are usually coated with eflicient and durable insulating coverings such as epoxy resins and the protective current applied is consequently small. In many cases the small protective currents that can be applied by means of galvanic anodes is adequate. 

The reaction with the standard solution should be stoichiometric and practically instantaneous. The titration error should be negligible, or easy to determine accurately by experiment. 

The standard redox potential is 1.14 volts the formal potential is 1.06 volts in 1M hydrochloric acid solution. The colour change, however, occurs at about 1.12 volts, because the colour of the reduced form (deep red) is so much more intense than that of the oxidised form (pale blue). The indicator is of great value in the titration of iron(II) salts and other substances with cerium(IV) sulphate solutions. It is prepared by dissolving 1,10-phenanthroline hydrate (relative molecular mass= 198.1) in the calculated quantity of 0.02M acid-free iron(II) sulphate, and is therefore l,10-phenanthroline-iron(II) complex sulphate (known as ferroin). One drop is usually sufficient in a titration this is equivalent to less than 0.01 mL of 0.05 M oxidising agent, and hence the indicator blank is negligible at this or higher concentrations. 

The Standard Error of Prediction (SEP) is supposed to refer uniquely to those situations when a calibration is generated with one data set and evaluated for its predictive performance with an independent data set. Unfortunately, there are times when the term SEP is wrongly applied to the errors in predicting y variables of the same data set which was used to generate the calibration. Thus, when we encounter the term SEP, it is important to examine the context in order to verify that the term is being used correctly. SEP is simply the square root of the Variance of Prediction, s2. The RMSEP (see below) is sometimes wrongly called the SEP. Fortunately, the difference between the two is usually negligible. 

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