Negligence definition

Taft began the LFER attack on steric effects as part of his separation of electronic and steric effects in aliphatic compounds, which is discussed in Section 7.3. For our present purposes we abstract from that treatment the portion relevant to aromatic substrates. Hammett p values for alkaline ester hydrolysis are in the range +2.2 to +2.8, whereas for acid ester hydrolysis p is close to zero (see Table 7-2). Taft, therefore, concluded that electronic effects of substituents are much greater in the alkaline than in the acid series and. in fact, that they are negligible in the acid series. This left the steric effect alone controlling relative reactivity in the acid series. A steric substituent constant was defined [by analogy with the definition of cr in Eq. (7-22)] by Eq. (7-43), where k is the rate constant for acid-catalyzed hydrolysis of an orr/to-substituted benzoate ester and k is the corresponding rate constant for the on/to-methyl ester note that CH3, not H, is the reference substituent. ... 

Again, if we consider the initial substances in the state of liquids or solids, these will have a definite vapour pressure, and the free energy changes, i.e., the maximum work of an isothermal reaction between the condensed forms, may be calculated by supposing the requisite amounts drawn off in the form of saturated vapours, these expanded or compressed to the concentrations in the equilibrium box, passed into the latter, and the products then abstracted from the box, expanded to the concentrations of the saturated vapours, and finally condensed on the solids or liquids. Since the changes of volume of the condensed phases are negligibly small, the maximum work is again ... 

For a grey body, the emissivity and the absorptivity are, by definition, independent of temperature and hence equation 9.115 may be applied more generally showing that, where one radiation property (a, r or e) is specified for an opaque body, the other two may be obtained from equations 9.115 and 9.124. KirchofPs Law explains why a cavity with a small aperture approximates to a black body in that radiation entering is subjected to repeated internal absorption and reflection so that only a negligible amount of the incident radiation escapes through the aperture. In this way, a - e = 1 and, at T K, the emissive power of the aperture is aT4. 

Clavilier eta/.196,794-796have studied CO adsorption on electrochemi-cally faceted Pt(lll) and Pt(110) electrodes and from the charge transients, with the provision that the CO dipole has a negligible contribution to the electrical double-layer potential these authors have provided a definite determination of ( =o- However, electrochemically faceted Pt(lll) electrodes have a polycrystalline surface structure, and thus the value of Eq-q for such electrodes lies between fiULO for terraces and forst s.197 786 787... 

Figure 2.13. The distance between the upper inhouse limit (IHL) and the upper specification (SL) limits is defined by the CI(A). The risk of the real value being outside the SL grows from negligible (measured value A far inside IHL) to 50% (measured value E on SL). Note that the definition of the upper inhouse limit takes into account the details of the analytical method (n, X, m, Vres) to set the minimal separation between IHL and SL for an error probability for (Xmean > SL) of less than p - 0.025. The alarm limits (AL), as drawn here, are very conservative when there is more confidence in man and machine, the AL will be placed closer to the IHL. IHL and AL need not be symmetrical relative to the SL.

The term definitive method is applied to an analytical or measurement method that has a valid and well described theoretical foundation, is based on sound theoretical principles ( first principles ), and has been experimentally demonstrated to have negligible systematic errors and a high level of precision. While a technique may be conceptually definitive, a complete method based on such a technique must be properly applied and must be demonstrated to deserve such a status for each individual application. A definitive method is one in which all major significant parameters have been related by a direct chain of evidence to the base or derived SI units. The property in question is either directly measured in terms of base units of... 

Oxime carbamates are generally applied either directly to the tilled soil or sprayed on crops. One of the advantages of oxime carbamates is their short persistence on plants. They are readily degraded into their metabolites shortly after application. However, some of these metabolites have insecticidal properties even more potent than those of the parent compound. For example, the oxidative product of aldicarb is aldicarb sulfoxide, which is observed to be 10-20 times more active as a cholinesterase inhibitor than aldicarb. Other oxime carbamates (e.g., methomyl) have degradates which show no insecticidal activity, have low to negligible ecotoxicity and mammalian toxicity relative to the parent, and are normally nondetectable in crops. Therefore, the residue definition may include the parent oxime carbamate (e.g., methomyl) or parent and metabolites (e.g., aldicarb and its sulfoxide and sulfone metabolites). The tolerance or maximum residue limit (MRL) of pesticides on any food commodity is based on the highest residue concentration detected on mature crops at harvest or the LOQ of the method submitted for enforcement purposes if no detectable residues are found. For example, the tolerances of methomyl in US food commodities range from 0.1 to 6 mg kg for food items and up to 40 mg kg for feed items. ... 

The equilibrium state, which is denoted x, is by definition both the most likely state, p(x E) > p(x E), and the state of maximum constrained entropy, iS,(T (x /ij > iS 0(x j. This is the statistical mechanical justification for much of the import of the Second Law of Equilibrium Thermodynamics. The unconstrained entropy, as a sum of positive terms, is strictly greater than the maximal constrained entropy, which is the largest term, S HE) >. S(1 (x j. However, in the thermodynamic limit when fluctuations are relatively negligible, these may be equated with relatively little error, S HE) . S(1 (x j. 

Octamethyl pyrophosphoramide is a colorless oil, completely soluble in water, benzene, acetone, and many other common organic solvents except the paraffinic hydrocarbons. Its hydrolysis rate has not been measured, but it appears stable in the absence of alkali. In England, this systemic insecticide has been used to control aphids on hops. There it has been calculated that only a negligible quantity of the poison ultimately may find its way into the beer made from the hops. Despite calculations of this sort, the use of octamethyl pyrophosphoramide on food or fodder crops in this country is definitely not to be recommended. However, it may prove useful if properly applied to control certain insects, especially those attacking ornamental plants, such as rosebushes, and possibly on the cotton aphid and grape phylloxera. The compound has only recently been made available experimentally. 

The outer electrical potential of a phase is the electrostatic potential given by the excess charge of the phase. Thus, if a unit electric charge is brought infinitely slowly from infinity to the surface of the conductor to a distance that is negligible compared with the dimensions of the conductor considered (for a conductor with dimensions of the order of centimetres, this distance equals about 10 4cm), work is done that, by definition, equals the outer electric potential ip. 

Benzoyl peroxide as a pure solid is classified as a deflagration hazard. When it is a solid containing about 30% water it is an intermediate fire hazard. As a paste (50% peroxide) it is a low fire or negligible hazard. See reference 18 for a definition of hazard classifications. Benzoyl peroxide containing 50% water will be purchased. It should be stored in a separate cool area, since all peroxides have short half-lives. 

There are three important aspects of the definition. First, a catalyst may increase or decrease the reaction rate. Second, a catalyst may influence the direction or selectivity of a reaction. Third, the amount of catalyst consumed by the reaction is negligible compared to the consumption of reactants. 

As there are few data on the ratio of thoron concentration to radon, we have assumed that the value is constant and is equal to 0.14, Error(4) and Error(5) are assumed to be negligible for the error calculation. The error due to ambiguities in classification and discrimination of tracks according to the shape or the size was assessed by experiment and the relative error (1 S.D.) was less than 10%. The relative error due to the variations of F, f, and (V a) is less than 13% as described in the previous section. The combined error due to these factors is estimated to be 16%. The total error can be obtained by combining this error and Error(l). If we use the definition that the lowest detectable limit is the radon concentration at 50 % relative S.D., the lowest detectable... 

This is the definition of the surface tension according to the Gibbs surface model [1], According to this definition, the surface tension is related to an interface, which behaves mechanically as a membrane stretched uniformly and isotropically by a force which is the same at all points and in all directions. The surface tension is given in J m-2. It should be noted that the volumes of both phases involved are defined by the Gibbs dividing surface X that is located at the position which makes the contribution from the curvatures negligible. 

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