Negative consequences

In the framework of the new approach third parties have a particular responsibility. Their task has become more difficult especially in cases where products are manufactured directly to the essential requirements. In that case competent interpretation and judgement needs to be applied in order to evaluate whether the required safety level is achieved or not. Not only safeguard clauses and their economic consequences should be avoided but also possible distortion of the market. An exchange of experience between bodies which are notified for a given directive is therefore normally organised with a view to ensuring its coherent application and to avoid such negative consequences. 

Since such heavy metals contain many more electrons than the light atoms, H, N, C, O, and S, of the protein, they scatter x-rays more strongly. All diffracted beams would therefore increase in intensity after heavy-metal substitution if all interference were positive. In fact, however, some interference is negative consequently, following heavy-metal substitution, some spots measurably increase in intensity, others decrease, and many show no detectable difference. 

See Kepner and Tregoe (1981) or CCPS (1995a) for additional discussion, particularly on how potential negative consequences may impact the scoring matrix. 

Because errors are frequently recoverable, it is also appropriate to define another category of errors, recovery failures. These are failures to recover a chain of events leading to a negative consequence (assuming that such a recovery was feasible) before the consequence occurs. This includes recovery from both active and latent failures. 

Active Error/Failure An active human error is an unintended action or an intended action based on a mistaken diagnosis, interpretation, or other failure, which is not recovered and which has significant negative consequences for the system. 

Recovery Error/Failure A recovery failure occurs if a potentially recoverable active or latent error is not detected or remedial achon is not taken before the negative consequences of the error occur. 

Predictive human error analysis (PHEA) is the process via which specific errors associated with tasks or task steps are predicted. The process also considers how these predicted errors might be recovered before they have negative consequences. The inputs to the process are the task structure and plans, as defined by the task analysis, and the results of the PIF analysis. The basic procedure of the PHEA is as follows ... 

La addition to the task not achieving its intended objective, some other negative consequence occurs. 

The task achieves its intended objective but some other negative consequence occurs (either immediate or latent), which may be associated with some other system unrelated to the primary task. 

Active Errors An active hviman error is an intended or unintended action that has an immediate negative consequence for the system. 

Latent error An erroneous action or decision for which the consequences only become apparent after a period of time when other conditions or events combine with the original error to produce a negative consequence for the system. 

Feedback modification efforts arc targeted information programs that address the lack of awareness of people about the consequences, the belief being that if people are aware or educated about the negative consequences of such behavior, it is more likely that they can be convinced to engage in behavior... 

The derivation can now be concluded by noting that since the numerator of Eq. (3-106) is the fraction of time something happens, it must always be non-negative. Consequently, the function p(xlaa 3), being the limit of non-negative quantities, must also be non-negative. 

Through time, human civilizations have repeatedly made the same critical error the excessive exploitation of forest resources or the failure to practice forestry on a sustainable basis. The earliest recorded cases of excessive deforestation occurred approximately 5,000 B.P. in the very cradle of western civilization, Mesopotamia 19), Since that period, abusive levels of forest exploitation have severely degraded or caused the complete disappearance of forests in regions of Europe, Africa, Asia, Australia and the Americas. Truly, the negative consequences of excessive levels of deforestation is a lesson that has been learned by few civilizations. 

Although the evidence base for this relatively rare disorder is not well developed, patients who are dependent on GHB appear to benefit from cognitive and motivational psychosocial therapies and from support of recovery in a manner similar to alcohol-dependent patients. However, because of the high likelihood of amnesia and cognitive dysfunction during the acute and subacute phases of GHB withdrawal, psychosocial interventions should, when possible, include significant others who can review and reinforce with the patient the negative consequences of GHB dependence. 

In making these observations, we may only be providing an echo of C. P. Snow s The Two Cultures, based on his Rede lecture for Cambridge University [2]. Snow s main point was that the lack of communication between the sciences and the humanities was a regrettable situation rife with negative consequences. The Two Cultures was meant to be both an admonition to thinkers and an invitation to have scientists and humanists work harder at understanding each other. 

In our view all involved in educating in this area should be fully aware of the possibility that young people with whom they are dealing may currently be experiencing or have previously been exposed to the negative consequences of substance misuse and risk within their family and social circles. It is therefore vital that in delivering this education we consider the highly sensitive and personal nature of these topics for such individuals. 

Heat management is of crucial importance for ethylene oxide synthesis (see original citahons in [4]). The reachon enthalpy of the total oxidation to carbon dioxide (AH = -1327 kj/mol) is more than 10 times larger than that of the partial oxidahon (AH = -105 kJ/mol), which induces locally very hot temperatures (hot spots) with corresponding negative consequences on the reaction course. 

Risks Help the patient identify potential negative consequences of tobacco use. 

Heightened interest in pleasurable activities with high risk of negative consequences (e.g., spending sprees and promiscuity)... 

Urinary incontinence (UI) is defined as the complaint of involuntary leakage of urine.1 It is often associated with other bothersome lower urinary tract symptoms such as urgency, increased daytime frequency, and nocturia. Despite its prevalence across the lifespan and in both sexes, it remains an underdetected and underreported health problem that can have significant negative consequences for the individual s quality of life. Patients with UI may be depressed due to a... 

There are negative consequences when a zero result is assumed for a categorical variable. When a zero result is assumed, inferential analysis can provide an incorrect result and descriptive statistics can be skewed. 

Reporting these conclusions and the evidence on which they are based has not always been an easy task. I have faced some rather hostile crowds at medical schools, although more often the reception has been open and cordial. Nevertheless, there can be negative consequences to taking a stance that challenges... 

OTHER NEGATIVE CONSEQUENCES OF PESTICIDE USE IN CROP PRODUCTION 113... 

It was often the case in the USSR that pesticides were used and even produced before, sometimes even without, developing health protocols. This is seen when we analyze Tables 1.6 and 1.7, where a number of pesticides were used for many years, in essence illegally. Health protocols for different environments were never formulated until the pesticide was banned. The negative consequences of using each pesticide in practice were not gauged on laboratory animals, but on their interaction with humans and the environment. 

Other Negative Consequences of Pesticide Use in Crop Production... 

Another negative consequence of pesticide use is that special means must be used to protect harvests from unwanted pesticide actions adsorbents, plant antidotes, microbiological detoxification means, etc. This does not only make agricultural production more expensive, but also increases the agricultural environment s exposure to chemicals, an altogether more serious consideration [3]. 

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