Drug addiction 11-13 negative consequences

Addiction is characterized by a high motivation to obtain and use a drug despite negative consequences. With time, drug use becomes compulsive ("wanting without liking"). Addiction is a recalcitrant, chronic, and stubbornly relapsing disease that is very difficult to treat. 

As users who run out of supply usually fail to experience serious abstinence reactions, it has often been denied that cannabis is addictive. Nevertheless, a relatively high proportion of users persist in continued use, often in spite of negative consequences. The persistence is often explained by a disinclination to face the world without the drug rather than by strong cannabis euphoria or fear of withdrawal reactions. 

Clinically, the picture of addiction obviously varies with and is also dependent upon both the set and the setting. To some extent it might be said that addiction results when strong negative consequences are insufficient to stop drug intake. Neurobiological research points to four basic aspects of addiction with different causation primary (core) effects on reward and motivational systems primary contributory effects in other brain structures core neuroadaptafions to repeated use and contributory neuroadaptations to repeated use. 

National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence and the American Society of Addictive Medicine defines alcoholism as a chronic disease influenced by genetic, psychological, and environmental factors. Alcoholism is described as a loss of control over drinking—a preoccupation with drinking despite negative consequences to one s physical, mental, and emotional makeup as well as one s work and family life. 

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