Near-infrared spectroscopy instrumentation

Some recent and convenient procedures have been used to determine both ethanol content and extract. Regarding ethanol, an AO AC-approved method exists for the determination of ethanol in wine based on GC and the technique is very precise and accurate. An increasingly popular technique is the use of near-infrared spectroscopy. Instruments are commercially available allowing the determination of ethanol and other common parameters in wine. 

Wetzel, D.L.B., Analytical near infrared spectroscopy, in Instrumental Methods In Food and Beverage Analysis, Wetzel, D.L.B. and Charalambous, G., Eds., Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1998. 

Instrumental Methods. Water determinations probably tend to work well on instrumental analysis because water is radically different from other substances. Methods such as NMR and near-infrared spectroscopy are both applied to confectionery products. 

Near-infrared Spectroscopy. Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) uses that part of the electromagnetic spectrum between the visible and the infrared. This region has the advantage that the instrumentation is nearest to visible instrumentation. Signals in the near-infrared come not from the fundamental vibrations of molecules but from overtones. As... 

Infrared spectra, of fats and oils, 10 823 Infrared spectral region, 19 564 Infrared spectroscopy, 14 224-243 23 136-143. See also Chromatography-infrared spectroscopy Far- infrared spectroscopy ir-selective surfaces Ir (infrared) spectroscopy Near- infrared spectroscopy Thermal analysis-infrared spectroscopy applications of, 14 239-240 23 140-141 in composition measurements, 20 682 in fiber optic fabrication, 11 138 industrial applications of, 14 240 instrumentation in, 14 225-228 23 137-138... 

Near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), a technique based on absorption and reflectance of monochromatographic radiation by samples over a wavelength range of 400-2500 run, has been successfully applied for food composition analysis, for food quality assessment, and in pharmaceutical production control. NIRS can be used to differentiate various samples via pattern recognitions. The technique is fast and nondestructive method that does not require sample preparation and is very simple to use compared too many other analytical methods such as HPLC. The drawback of NIRS, however, is that the instrument has to be calibrated using a set of samples typically 20-50 with known analyte concentrations obtained by suitable reference methods such as FIPLC in order to be used for quantitative analyses. Simultaneous quantification of the... 

H.W. Siesler, Y. Ozaki, S. Kawata and H.M. Heise (eds), Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Principles, Instruments, Applications, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim (Germany), 2002. 

D.S. Goldman, Near-Infrared spectroscopy in process analysis, in Encyclopedia of Analytical Chemistry, J.W. Peterson (ed.), vol 9, Process Instrumental Methods, John Wiley Sons, New York, 2000. 

S.2.2.2 ICLS Example 2 This example discusses the determination of sodium hydroxide (caustic) concentration in an aqueous sample containing sodium hydroxide and a salt using NIR spearoscopy. An example of this problem in a chemical process occurs in process scrubbers where CO, is converted to Na,CO and H,S is converted to Na,S in the presence of caustic. Although caustic and salts have no distinct bands in the NIR, it has been demonstrated that they perturb the shape of the water bands (Watson and Baughman, 1984 Phelan et al., 1989)-Near-infrared spectroscopy is therefore a viable measurement technique. This method also has ad tages as an analytical technique for process analysis because of the stability of the instrumentation and the ability to use fiber-optic probes to multiplex tlie interferometers and Icx ate them rcm< >tely from the processes. 

Siesler HW, Ozaki Y, Kawata S, Heise HM. Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Principles, Instruments and Applications. Weinheim, Germany Wiley, 2002. Wetzel DL. Near Infrared reflectance analysis Sleeper among the spectroscopic techniques. Anal Chem 1983 55(12) 1165A-1175A. 

Kaye, W. Near-infrared spectroscopy. II. Instrumentation and technique. Spectrochim. Acta 7, 181—204 (1955). 

Stark, E.W., Near-Infrared Array Spectrometers. In Chalmers, J.M. and Griffiths, P.R. (eds), Handbook of Vibrational Spectroscopy, vol 1 John Wiley 8c Sons New York, 2002, pp. 393-422. Goldman, D.S., Near-Infrared Spectroscopy in Process Analysis. In Meyers, R.A. (ed.), Encyclopedia of Analytical Chemistry, vol 9 Process Instrumental Methods John Wiley 8c Sons New York, 2000, pp. 8256-8263. 

Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) has become a very popular technique for a wide range of analysis in various industries. The usefulness of this technique is mainly attributed to allowing the rapid analysis of bulk materials with a simple manipulation procedure. On the other hand, improvements of instrumentation, and specially the development of chemometric software, have contributed to the tremendous expansion of and to the current state of popularity of this technique (Bokobza, 2002). 

Si, Y., Zhou, J., Chen, H., Zhou, D., and Yue, Y. (2004). Effects of humic substances on photodegradation of bensulfuron-methyl on dry soil surfaces. Chemosphere 56, 967-972. Siesler, H. W., Ozaki,Y., Kawata, S., and Heise,H. M., editors. (2002). Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Principles, Instruments, Applications, Wilcy-VCI I, Wcinhcim. 

Lewis, E. N., DuBois, J. and Kidder, L. H. NIR imaging, instrumentation and its applications to agricultural and food engineering. In Near Infrared Spectroscopy in Food Science and Technology (Yukihiro Ozaki, W. Fred McClure, and Alfred Christy, eds), John Wiley Sons, in press. 

Topnir [Topological near infrared] Not a chemical process but an instrumental process for online monitoring of hydrocarbon process streams by near-infrared spectroscopy. Developed by BP and... 

Siesler, H. W., Y. Ozaki, S. Kawata, and H. M. Heise. 2002. Near-infrared spectroscopy Principles, instruments, applications. New York Wiley. 

The first coupling of a LINAC with infrared spectroscopy has been performed by Palmese et al. in order to study in situ kinetics of radiation-induced cationic polymerization of epoxy systems. The aim of the study is to understand the curing behavior of polymers under irradiation. A UV light source and an electron beam (10 MeV pulse width of the beam from 2.5 to 10 pm) are coupled to a portable near infrared (NIR) instrument. Briefly, a portable NIR spectrometer (Control Development Incorporated, South Bend, IN, USA) is used,... 

Tablet Evaluation Using Near-Infrared Spectroscopy / 3630 Tablet Formulation / 3641 Tablet Manufacture / 3653 Tablet Manufacture by Direct Compression / 3673 Tablet Press Instrumentation / 3684 Tablet Testing / 3707 Technology Transfer Considerations tor Pharmaceuticals / 3717...

Y. Nagashima, Y. Yada, M. Hattori, and A. Sakai, Development of a New Instrument to Measure Oxygen Saturation and Total Hemoglobin Volume in Local Skin by Near-Infrared Spectroscopy and Its Clinical Application, Int. J. Biometrology, 44(1), 9-11 (2000). 

Infrared spectroscopy instrumentation is almost as widely varying as the applications. Mid-infrared instrumentation today consists almost exclusively of Fourier transform instruments. Although dispersive mid-IR instruments are still used, only a few manufacturers still produce these instruments. Dispersive mid-IR instruments have found a niche in the process monitoring field. Near-infrared instrumentation, on the other hand, is still dominated by dispersive instruments. Recently, some manufacturers have begun to offer near-IR instruments with Fourier transform mechanics and optics. 

V. Ntziachristos, X.H. Ma, A.G. Yodh, B. Chance, Multichannel photon counting instrument for spatially resolved near infrared spectroscopy. Rev. Sci. Instram. 70, 193-201 (1999)... 

Siesler H, Ozaki Y, Kawata Y, Heise H (2002) Near-infrared spectroscopy principles, instruments, applications. John Wiley Sons, New York. 

Small, V. Fritz, A. Wetzel, D. (2006). Chemical imaging of intact seeds with NIR focal plane array assists plant hreeding. Vibrational Spectroscopy Vol.42, N.2, pp. 215-221 Sorensen, L.K. (2009). Application of reflectance near infrared spectroscopy for bread analyses. Food Chemistry Vol.113, pp. 1318-1322 Stark, E.K. Luchter, K. (2003). Diversity in NIR Instrumentation, in Near Infrared Spectroscopy. Proceeding oh the 11th International Conference. NIR Publication, Chichester, UK, pp. 55-66... 

Near-Infrared Spectroscopy. Principles, Instruments, Applications, ed. Siesler H.W., Ozaki Y, Kawata S., Heise H.M., Wiley-VCH, Weinheim 2001. 

Chen, B., and D. Chen. 2005. The ap>plication of uninformative variables elimination in near-infrared spectroscopy. Spectronic Instruments and Analysis. 04 26-30. 

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