Natural products 1752 INDEX

MRCK Merck Co., Inc., USA descriptions of chemicals, drugs, agricultural and natural products sub- stance, numeric 10000 Merck Index (encyclo- pedia) STN semian- nually wuw.cas.org/ ONLINE/ BBSS/ mrcfess.htrnl... 

Biological systems produce an extremely wide variety of natural products. This ecological and genetic diversity offers researchers a vast index of compounds to search for innovative weed management agents. 

A.n log ue Synthesis. Two notable examples, in which analogues have greater therapeutic indexes than the parent dmgs, have been identified in Phase I trials. These are carboplatin (29) and ado2elesin (37) (35). Carboplatin s approval was based on its comparable efficacy to cis-platinum (28) and its more favorable toxicity profile, ie, reduced and delayed episodes of emesis, reduced ototoxicity, etc. On the other hand, ado2elesin, a totally synthetic analogue of natural product CC1065, has demonstrated a similar potency and antitumor activity profile as its natural prototype but is devoid of the delayed death UabiUty associated with the parent dmg in animals (36). 

This index contains over 40,000 individual entries to the 6200 text pages of Volumes 1-7. The index mainly covers general classes of heterocyclic compound and specific heterocyclic compounds, but also included are natural products, other organic and organometallic compounds where their synthesis or use involves heterocyclic compounds, types of reaction, named reactions, spectroscopic techniques and topics involving heterocyclic compounds. 

There is also a fourth division of Beilstein (systems 4721 -4877) that covers natural products of uncertain structure rubbers, sugars, and so on. These are treated in vols. 30 and 31, which do not go beyond 1935 and which are covered in the collective indexes. These volumes will not be updated. All such compounds are now included in the regular Beilstein volumes. 

Figure 4.4 The general protocol for information extraction from an herbal text (A-E) is paired with case examples from our work with the Ambonese Herbal by Rumphius. (A) Text is digitized. (B) Through either manual reading or automated extraction the plant name(s), plant part(s), and symptoms or disorders are identified. (C) These extracted data are then updated (as necessary) to reflect current names of the plants, using the International Plant Names Index (IPNI), and the pharmacological function(s) of the described medicinal plants are extrapolated from the mentioned symptoms and disorders. (D) The current botanical names are queried against a natural products database such as the NAPRALERT database to determine whether the plant has been previously examined. (E) Differential tables are generated that separate the plants examined in the literature from plants that may warrant further examination for bioactivity. (Adapted from Trends in Pharmacological Sciences, with permission.) See color plate.

Incorporating the Kirtas system with the International Plant Names Index and SNOW-MED allows movement of the historic text into an electronic format, identihcation of current plant names, and identihcation of the symptoms treated with the plants. To complete the mining of historic herbal texts for novel drug leads we use the Natural Products Alert (NAPRALERT ) database to compare the information extracted from the historic herbal text to the reports of plant use in the current literature. The NAPRALERT database provides a summary of plants ethnopharmacological use, biochemical activities, and isolated compounds [27]. By querying each plant (with the current plant name) it is possible to identify any reports in the current literature regarding the plant. As an example, Table 4.1 shows the NAPRALERT output for Cycas rumphii. 

Further information on the safety and efficacy of natural products is available on the Office s Web site at http //ods.od.nih.gov/index.aspx and from a number of other sources, one of the best of which is the "Natural Products" page maintained by Solumedia at http //www.solumedia.com/nature.htm. ... 

Figure G1.1.3 shows a chromatogram of the headspace of Concord grape essence prepared by direct injection. At retention index 1320 is the peak caused by methyl anthranilate, one of the strongest odorants characterizing Concord grapes however, (i-damascenone, the second most potent odorant in Concord grapes, elutes at 1360 but is not visible. This is because P-damascenone is lOOOx more potent (i.e., its odor threshold is lOOOx lower than methyl anthranilate). This is typical result for the direct injection of headspace from natural products. Figure Gl.1.4, on the other hand, shows the injection of an extract of Concord grape essence concentrated 500-fold with the fi-damascenone peak large enough for quantitation.

Acree, T.E. and Am, H. Flavomet. 1997. Gas chromatography-olfactometry of natural products. http //www.nysaes.comell.edu/fst/faculty/acree /flavomet/index.html. 

CONTENTS Preface, Brian Hatton. Applications of Ring Strain in Natural Product Synthesis, James D. White and Nadine Chauyi Lee. Uses of the Vacuum Gas-Solid Reaction Procedure in Synthesis, W. E. Billups and Benny E. Amey, Jr. Polysubstituted Cubanes Towards Complete Systematic Substitution of the Cubane Nucleus, John Tsanaktsidis. A Personal Perspective on Norbomenes, Cyclobutenes, and Other Ring-Strained Dienophiles in Organic Synthesis, Ron N. Warrener. Synthetic Studies Related to Fullerenes and Fullerene Fragments, Goverdhan Mehta and H. Surya Prakash Rao. Index. 

In 2001, Lee and Schneider17 compared the properties of trade drugs (taken from the Derwent World Drug Index, WDI, n=5151) and natural products (taken from the BioScreenNP database, n= 10 495). These investigators described the comparison of parameters applicable only to the rule of five (molecular weight, log P, number of H donors per molecule, number of N per molecule, number of O per molecule and percentage of rule of five alerts). 

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