Natural fibers grass

Paper products (newsprint, tissue, packaging, etc.) are made from pulps that consist of natural fibers derived from vascular plants such as trees, sugar cane, bamboo, and grass. The vascular fiber walls are composed of bundles of cellulose polymeric filaments. This long, linear glucose polymer is what paper is made from. The polymer has the structure shown in Scheme 8.18. 

Another major type of natural fiber has cellulose as its main component. Cotton, flax, ramie, various hemps, and jute are the most common cellulosic materials used in making string, rope, or cloth of various weights. Wood and the many grasses are other important natural products with a high cellulose content. Any of the books on the subject will amplify the sources, preparation, and use of cellulose. 

Also, agricultural plant materials such as com stalk, rice stalk, wheat straw and grass have been investigated as a potential resource for natural fibers since they are inexpensive, economically friendly. 

Sathishkumar, T.P., Navaneethakrishnan, P., and Shankar, S. (2012) Tensile and flexural properties of snake grass natural fiber reinforced isophthallic polyester composites. Compos. Sci. Technol, 72 (10), 1183-1190. 

Natural fibers are classified based on their origins, whether they are plant, animal or mineral fibers. All plant fibers are composed of cellulose while animal fibers consist of proteins (hair, silk, and wool). Plant fibers include bast (or stem or soft scleren-chyma) fibers, leaf or hard fibers, seed, fruit, wood, cereal straw, and other grass fibers [1]. Over the last few years, a number of researchers have been involved in investigating the exploitation of natural fibers as load bearing constituents in composite materials. The use of such materials in composites has increased due to their relative cheapness, their ability to be recycled, and because they can compete well in terms of strength per weight of material [2]. Provided below is the classification of natural fibers based on origin ... 

Natural fibers vary widely in chemical composition, stmcture, and dimension and are obtained from different parts of the plants. Natural fibers, such as jute, ramie, flax, kenaf, and hemp are obtained from the stem abaca, sisal, banana and pineapple from the leaf cotton, coir, and kapok from the seed grass, and reed fibers (com, rice, and wheat) [4]. Climatic conditions, age, and fiber extraction... 

Pandey JK, Ahn SH, Lee CS, Mohanty AK, Misra M (2010) Recent advances in the application of natural fiber based composites. Macromol Mater Eng 295 975-989 Pandey JK, Chu WS, Kim CS, Lee CS, Ahn SH (2009) Bio-nano reinforcement of environmentally degradable polymer matrix by cellulose whiskers from grass. Compos B 40 676-680... 

Cellulosic fibers, which are currently viewed as viable alternatives to synthetic fibers in the manufacture of NFRPs, have already established their place in the infrastmcture and commercial products market Currently, many types of natural fibers, derived from either wood and agricultural fibrous plants (such as flax, hemp, jute, and kenaf) or vegetable wastes (such as bagasse, rice husk, and grass), have already been investigated for use with plastics. Table 6.1 shows a list of biofibers and their sources [10] a more detailed discussion on natural fiber reinforcements can be found in Chapter 3 of this book. In general, biofibers can be considered... 

The plants that produce natural fibers are classified as primaiy and secondaiy depending on their utilization. Primary plants are those that are grown for their fiber content, whereas secondary plants are those in which the fibers are produced as a by-product There are six basic types of natural fibers obtained from plants. They are classified as follows bast fibers Oute> flax, hemp, ramie, and kenaf), leaf fibers (abaca, sisal, and pineapple), seed fibers (coir, cotton, and kapok), core fibers (kenaf, hemp, and jute), grass and reed fibers (wheat corn, and rice), and all other types (wood and roots) (Faruk et al., 2012). 

Nature has long used reactions such as these to produce interesting solids such as cotton (seed pod), hemp (grass), and silk (cocoons for worms while they develop into moths) as fibers that we can strand into rope or weave into cloth. Chemists discovered in the early twentieth century that cellulose could be hydrolyzed with acetic acid to form cellulose acetate and then repolymerized into Rayon, which has properties similar to cotton. They then searched for manmade monomers with which to tailor properties as replacements for rope and sdk. In the 1930s chemists at DuPont and at ICl found that polyamides and polyesters had properties that could replace each of these. [Linear polyolefins do not seem to form in nature as do condensation polymers. This is probably because the organometaUic catalysts are extremely sensitive to traces of H2O, CO, and other contaminants. This is an example where we can create materials in the laboratory that are not found in nature.]... 

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