Natural consortia

Laboratory experiments using natural consortia under defined conditions have particular value from several points of view. They are of direct environmental relevance, and their use minimizes the ambiguities in extrapolation from the results of studies with pure cultures. They provide valuable verification of the results of studies with pure cultures and make it possible to evaluate the extent to which the results of such studies may justifiably be extended to the natural environment. It should be appreciated, however, that in some cases the habitats from which the inoculum was taken might already have been exposed to xenobiotics so that natural enrichment (preexposure) could already have taken place. This has been discussed in Chapter 4. 

Methane natural consortia Mimicipal solid waste [52]... 

Acs et al. [65] had found the positive correlation between the enhancement of biogas production and the presence of an added hydrogen-producing new member into the natural consortia such as Caldicellulosiruptor saccharolyticus [66]. 

It is crucial to appreciate that biodegradability under a specific set of conditions as shown in Table 56.3 (particularly where only a single species of micro-organism is involved), does not necessarily imply biodegradability under a different set of conditions. Even when the study used a naturally occurring consortium, the results cannot always be readily extrapolated to natural environments. Even the mere isolation, or bottling, of a natural consortium is well known to affect its composition in a relatively short time [44,45]. 

We are grateful to the Swedish Natural Science Research Council for financial support. The support by the Swedish Materials Consortium 9 is acknowledged. The Center for Atomic-scale Materials Physics is sponsored by the Danish National Research Foundation. Part of work performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy by the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, contract number W-7405-ENG-48. 

We are grateful to the Swedish Natural Science Research Council for financial support. The support by the Swedish Materials Consortium 9 is acknowledged. 

Fermilab, where groundbreaking for its first linear accelerator began in December 1968, is the premier high energy physics facility in the world. Its mission is to advance the understanding of the fundamental nature of matter and energy. Universities Research Association Inc., a consortium of eighty-six research... 

International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium. Finishing the euchro-matic sequence of the human genome. Nature 2004 431 931-45. 

International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium. Initial sequencing and analysis of the human genome. Nature 2001 409 860. (The issue [15 February] consists of articles dedicated to analyses of the human genome.)... 

Mouse Genome Sequencing Consortium Initial sequencing and comparative analysis of the mouse genome. Nature 2002 420 520. 

While the prevalence of DSP continues to rise as patients with HIV infection live longer, the incidence of HIV-associated neuropathy may be on the decline. Schifitto et al in the Northeast AIDS Dementia (NEAD) Consortium estimated the 1-year incidence of symptomatic neuropathy in a cohort of patients on HAART at 21% (Schifitto et al. 2005), compared to an incidence of 36% in a prior cohort from the pre-HAART era (Schifitto et al. 2002). This suggests that HAART may change the natural history of HIV-associated DSP (Comblath and Hoke 2006). 

A sour natural gas stream can be anaerobically desulfurized by a process, which employs a consortium of chemoautotrophic bacteria (ATCC 202177). The H2S and other sulfur species are converted into elemental sulfur, which is recovered as a product [287], The process conditions involve pressures lower than 1000 psi and temperatures up to 60°C. Sulfur content might be diminished from 10,000 ppm H2S to pipeline standards of <4ppm. Further, C02 content can be reduced as well from levels as high as 10% to <2%. 

The Genome International Sequencing Consortium. Initial sequencing and analysis of the human genome. Nature 2001 409 860-921. 

Gene Ontology Consortium. Gene Ontology tool for the unification of biology. Nature Genet 2000 25 25-29. 

Masood E. As consortium plans free SNP map of human genome [news]. Nature 1999 398 545-546. 

Several excellent reviews have appeared recently covering emerging therapies in CF, including CFTR modulators [45-47] and a collection of CFTR modulators are available through the CFF Consortium for research purposes [48]. Multiple structural classes that potentiate CFTR have been identified by screening compound libraries, natural products, and approved drugs. A subset is described below, which has proved amenable to lead optimization. 

We are grateful to the University of Toronto and Trent University for providing facilities, to the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada and the consortium of chemical companies that support the Canadian Environmental Modelling Centre for funding of the second edition. It is a pleasure to acknowledge the invaluable contributions of Eva Webster and Ness Mackay. 

Figure 21.2 shows how in the calculation results benzene is transported through the aquifer. The pulse of benzene migrates at the rate of groundwater flow, traversing the aquifer in ten years. As a result of biodegradation by the natural microbial consortium, however, the benzene concentration decreases markedly with time, compared to the non-reacting case. 

International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium, "Initial Sequencing and Analysis of the Human Genome," Nature, 409, 860-921, (2001). 

Karolinska Institute National Institutes of Health Nature Genetics Orchid Biocomputer Pharsight Corporation SNP Consortium Stanford University Whitehead Institute... 

Quill was founded in April 1999 as an industrial consortium, with members from all sectors of the chemical industry. It is based on the well-proven industry/uni-versity cooperative research center (lUCRC) concept developed by the U.S. National Science Foundation and is only the second lUCRC in Europe. There were 17 founding industrial members of the Quill consortium, and the current membership includes (listed alphabetically) bp. Chevron, Cytec, DuPont, Eastman Chemicals, ICI, Invista, Merck, Novartis, Procter and Gamble, SACHEM, SASOL, Shell, Strata, and UOP. Research carried out between QUB and individual companies, or by QUILL itself, has generated more than 20 patent applications, many of which have now been published, from as diverse a range of industries as BNFL, BP Chemicals, Cytec, ICI, Quest International, and Uni-chema Chemie BV. In a recent report in Nature, the need for collaboration between government, industry, and academic institutions to form sustainable chemistry centers was stressed as vital in order to rethink traditional chemistry processes to be not only beneficial to the environment but also to make economic sense for industry. Quill, under the codirection of Professors Kenneth R. Seddon and Jim Swindall OBE, is one of these chemistry centers, and is the first (and... 

International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium Nature, 2001, 409, 860-921. 

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