National Institute for Health

In this book I will share with you the process by which I came to this conclusion and the scientific evidence on which it is based. This includes evidence that was known to the pharmaceutical companies and to regulatory agencies, but that was intentionally withheld from prescribing physicians, their patients and even from the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) when it was drawing up treatment guidelines for the National Health Service (NHS) in the UK. 

In the decade that has passed since our article was published, the dust has settled around the issue of meta-analysis. It is no longer considered a controversial procedure. Meta-analyses of clinical trials are now routinely published in all of the top medical journals, and the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE), which publishes the treatment guidelines that are used by the NHS, crafts recommendations on the basis of meta-analyses that it conducts. Nevertheless, the editors were right about our article being controversial. Although some scholars in the field were persuaded by our analyses, others were sceptical, to put it mildly.2 The sceptics knew that antidepressants worked - if we had found otherwise, we must have done something wrong. Certainly there were other clinical trials of antidepressants beyond those that we had included in our analyses. Surely an analysis of those studies would point to a different conclusion. 

Prescription Drug Expenditure in 2000 The Upward Trend Continues. Washington, DC National Institute for Health Care Management Research and Educational Foundation. (May 2001). 

This work was supported by Public Health Service Grants ES03553, ES09521, and DK058833 from the National Institutes for Health. 

Morisky DE, Green LW, Levine DM (1986) Concurrent and predictive validity of a self-reported measure of medication adherence. Med Care 24 67-74 NICE Guidance (2008) National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. Guidance Medicines concordance. http //www.nice.org.uk/guidance/index.jsp action=byID o=l 1638. Cited 30 Dec 2008... 

See, for example. National Institute for Health Care Management Foundation, August, Prescription drugs and intellectual property protection, NICHM Foundation, Issue Brie/(Washington, DC). 

National Institute for Health Care Management, Prescription Drugs and Intellectual Property Protection (Aug. 2000) at 3. 

Helicobacter pylori H. pylori is found in approximately 100% of chronic active antral gastritis cases, 90% to 95% of duodenal ulcer patients, and 50% to 80% of gastric ulcer patients. The treatment of documented H. pylori infection in patients with confirmed peptic ulcer on first presentation or recurrence has been recommended by the National Institutes for Health in a 1994 Consensus Conference. Once H. py/on eradication has been achieved, reinfection rates are less than 0.5% per year, and ulcer recurrence rates are dramatically reduced. 

The precise role of economic evaluation varies among countries. In the vast majority of jurisdictions the role is confined to decisions about pharmaceuticals only, although the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) in the United Kingdom also considers devices, medical procedures, and public health interventions. Even among those countries considering only pharmaceuticals, there are variations in policy. In some, all new pharmaceuticals are considered, whereas in others only those drugs having a premium price, or likely to have a major impact on the health care system, are evaluated. 

Guidelines published include those of the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence in England and Wales on managing dyspepsia in primary care. 

National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. The clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of infliximab in Crohn s disease. Technology appraisal TA040. Available from URL www.nice.org.uk... 

National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. Hepatitis B (chronic) - adefovir dipivoxil and peginter-feron alpha-2a. Technology appraisal TA096. [2006], Available from URL www.nice.org.uk National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. Hepatitis C peginterferon and ribavirin. Technology appraisal TA106. [2006]. Available from URL WWW. nice. org. uk... 

The prescribing therapist is more likely to prescribe a drug over the next few days after its drug rep takes them to lunch or plies them with gifts (National Institute for Health Care Management, 2000 Orlowski and Wateska, 1992). 

National Institute for Health Care Management Eoundation (2000) Prescription drugs and mass media advertising. New York Times, September 20, 2000. 

National Institute for Health Care Management (NIHCM). 2002. Changing Patterns of Pharmaceutical Innovation. Washington, DC. Available at http //www.nihcm.org/innovations. pdf [Accessed November 11, 2005]. 

NIHCM National Institute for Health Care Management... 

All image processing was carried out with the public domain Windows version of Image/J version 1.06a, developed by W. Rasband at the National Institutes for Health and obtainable from http //rsb.info.nih.gov/ij/. 

NICE (National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence) (2006). Hypertension - management of hypertension in adults in primary care. Available at http //www.nice. org.uk/download.aspx o=cg034NICEguideline [Accessed 3 July 2008]. 

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