Nasal stops

The first important category of sounds are known as oral stops. In English, stops occur in voiced/unvoiced pairs, so that [b] and [p] use the same manner and place and of articulation, and differ only as to whether the glottis is vibrating or not. The three nasals (the last sounds in THEM, THIN and thing) are often also described as nasal stops. While it is possible to continuously utter these three phones, they usually follow the pattern of the stop in normal speech, with a closure and... 

With higher concentrations than those mentioned above, animals exhibit, in addition to myosis, the following symptoms salivation, muscular weakness, loss of muscular co-ordination, gasping, diarrhoea and finally cessation of respiration. There is intense constriction of the bronchioles and the immediate cause of death is asphyxia. Respiration ceases before the heart stops beating. The L.c. 50 s for rats and for mice for a 10 min. exposure are respectively 0-36 and 0-44 mg./l. Air saturated with D.F.P. at ordinary temperatures contains about 8 mg./l. and this will kill mice within 1 min. During exposures for a limited time (e.g. 5 min.), rabbits appear to be more resistant to the inhaled vapour of D.F.P. than are other animals. It appears that the peculiar nasal structure of the rabbit is responsible for its great resistance. 

Nicotine Repiacement. These medications come in a wide variety of both prescription and nonprescription forms. They include patches applied to the skin, gum that is chewed, and even nasal sprays. They are used to treat or prevent the physical symptoms of nicotine withdrawal. Ideally, nicotine replacement treatments are gradually tapered over a period of weeks to months. They are generally well tolerated but can cause significant nausea, particularly if a patient has not completely stopped smoking. Nicotine replacement is targeted to reduce cravings, but it is not very effective as monotherapy. 

A more recent 2-year study found no evidence of carcinogenic activity for pentachlorophenol in male or female F344/N rats fed diets containing 200, 400, or 600 ppm. There was some evidence of carcinogenic activity in male F344/N rats given feed containing 1,000 ppm for 1 year followed by control feed for 1 year (stop-exposure study), based on increased incidences of mesothelioma and nasal squamous cell carcinoma. 

NICOTINE NASAL SPRAY Instruct patients to stop smoking completely when using the product. Instruct them not to sniff, swallow, or inhale through the nose as the spray is being administered. Advise patients to administer the spray with the head tilted back slightly. 

Individualization of dosage-The goal of the nasal spray therapy is complete abstinence. If a patient is unable to stop smoking by the fourth week of therapy, discontinue treatment. Regular use of the spray during the first week of treatment may help patients adapt to the irritant effects of the spray. 

Patients who are successfully abstinent on the nasal spray should be treated at the selected dosage for up to 8 weeks, following which use of the spray should be discontinued over the next 4 to 6 weeks. Some patients may not reguire gradual reduction of dosage and may abruptly stop treatment successfully. Treatment with the nasal spray for longer periods has not been shown to improve outcome, and the safety of use for periods longer than 6 months has not been established. 

Manage rebound congestion by stopping ephedrine one nostril at a time, substitute systemic decongestant and/or nasal steroid... 

There are several approaches to help patients stop smoking. One approach is replacement therapy with nicotine in the form of gum, transdermal patch, nasal spray, or inhaler. All these forms have low abuse potential and are effective in patients motivated to stop smoking. Their action derives from slow absorption of nicotine that occupies 4 2 receptors in the central nervous system and reduces the desire to smoke and the pleasurable feelings of smoking. 

Children with nocturnal enuresis treated with desmopressin have fewer wet nights per week, but this effect does not persist after therapy is stopped. A meta-analysis showed an overall rate of 7.1 adverse events per 100 children (17). These were almost all local nasal reactions, including nasal irritation and epistaxis. 

A 34-year-old woman had to stop using nafarelin nasal spray after 14 days because of exacerbation of maxillary sinusitis (8). 

Nicotine nasal spray (Nicotrol NS) requires a prescription. Introduced in 1996, the nasal spray delivers nicotine through the lining of the nose when it is squirted into each nostril once or twice an hour. This method provides the fastest delivery of nicotine of the currently available products and reduces cravings within minutes. However, this form has a greater potential for inappropriate use. Nose and eye irritation is common, but usually stops within one week. 

Intranasal corticosteroids are safe if used correctly. Adverse effects are usually localised and include dryness, irritation and nose bleed (which may require stopping treatment for a period). Rarely, ulceration and nasal septal perforation (usually after nose surgery) can occur. Headaches, smell and taste disturbances, and hypersensitivity reactions have been reported. 

SYMPATHOMIMETICS CYTOTOXICS -PROCARBAZINE Co-administration of ephedrine, metaraminol, methylphenidate, phenylephrine or pseudoephedrine (including nasal and ophthalmic solutions) with procarbazine may cause a prolongation and t intensity of the cardiac stimulant effects and effects on BP, which may lead to headache, arrhythmias, hypertensive or hyperpyretic crisis The metabolism of sympathomimetics is impaired due to an inhibition of MAO It is recommended that sympathomimetics not be administered during and within 14 days of stopping procarbazine. Do not use any OTC nasal decongestants (sprays or oral preparations) or asthma relief agents without consulting the pharmacist/doctor... 

Early nasal inhalers contained strips ot paper impregnated with amphetamine. Many users experienced general stimulation from them some got high, and some became dependent. Some even broke open the containers and extracted the amphetamine in order to put it into their bodies in other ways Eventually manufacturers stopped using amphetamine in nasal inhalers, replacing It with other drugs supposed to be less stimulating and less addictive. 

To the extent that craving is due to physical withdrawal, a person would have a better chance of quitting for good if nicotine could somehow be used in the treatment of smoking. Based on this possibility, there has been major growth in the use of what are called nicotine replacement therapies. These treatments involve administering nicotine to smokers as part of the effort to help them stop smoking. The vehicles of nicotine replacement that have been discussed are nicorine gum, the nicotine patch, nicotine nasal spray, and a nicotine inhaler. The nicotine replacement therapies that... 

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