Nasal effects

The nose is usually the first site of contact in the respiratory tract for many airborne chemicals of environmental and occupational concern. Examples of human nasal effects include loss of olfactory function (e.g., anosmia and hyposmia), atrophy of the nasal mucosa, mucosal ulcers, perforated nasal septum, or sinonasal cancer related to exposure to certain metal dusts and vapors (Sunderman 2001). 

Lundqvist GR, Yamagiwa M, Pedersen OF, et al Inhalation of diethylamine—acute nasal effects and subjective response. Am Ind Hyg... 

Information regarding respiratory effects in orally-exposed animals is limited to a report of a significantly increased incidence of nasal lesions (goblet cell hyperplasia and inflammation of nasal turbinates) following 90 days of exposure to chlorine dioxide in the drinking water at concentrations that resulted in estimated doses as low as 2 mg/kg/day in males and 8 mg/kg/day in females (Daniel et al. 1990). These nasal effects were likely caused by inhalation of chlorine dioxide vapors released from the water rather than a systemic respiratory effect following oral exposirre. 

Interestingly, no studies were located that described any of the nasal traet lesions, which occurred in the HDI exposed rats, in human noses exposed to HDI. However, many of the studies did not speeifreally examine the noses of HDI-exposed human populations to determine whether similar nasal effects had occtured or not. In addition, rats are considered obligate nose-breathers. The nasal epithelial changes... 

Laumbach, R.J., Fiedler, N., Gardner, C.R., Laskin, D.L., Fan, Z., Zhang, J., Weschler, C.J., Lioy, P.J., Devlin, R.B., Ohman-Strickland, P., Kelly-McNeil, K. and Kipen, H.M. (2005) Nasal effects of a mixture of volatile organic compounds and their ozone oxidation products, foumal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 47,1182-9. 

Flammable Liquid SAFETY PROFILE Mildly toxic by inhalation, ingestion, and skin contact. Human systemic effects by inhalation conjunctiva irritation and unspecified nasal effects. An experimental skin and human eye irritant. See also ETHERS. Dangerous fire hazard when exposed to heat, flame, or... 

ACUTE HEALTH RISKS conjunctiva irritation nasal effects respiratory system effects nausea vomiting muscle weakness metabolic changes changes in EEG kidney damage coma. 

Precautions Possible allergen. Moderately toxic by skin contact and swallowing. A severe eye irritation. Various respiratory system and nasal effects. 

In additional EPA studies, subchronic inhalation was evaluated ia the rat for 4 and 13 weeks, respectively, and no adverse effects other than nasal irritation were noted. In the above-mentioned NTP chronic toxicity study ia mice, no chronic toxic effects other than those resulting from bronchial irritation were noted. There was no treatment-related increase ia tumors ia male mice, but female mice had a slight increase in bronchial tumors. Neither species had an increase in cancer. Naphthalene showed no biological activity in other chemical carcinogen tests, indicating Htde cancer risk (44). No incidents of chronic effects have been reported as a result of industrial exposure to naphthalene (28,41). 

Methyldopa is effective in mild, moderate, and severe hypertension but a thiazide-type diuretic is needed to overcome the fluid retaining side effect. Methyldopa has been shown to prevent and induce regression of ventricular hypertrophy in hypertensive patients. The principal side effects are sedation, drowsiness, nasal congestion, fluid retention, and in rare occasions, hemolytic anemia. 

The threshold limit value—time integrated average, TLV—TWA, of chlorine dioxide is 0.1 ppm, and the threshold limit value—short-term exposure limit, STEL, is 0.3 ppm or 0.9 mg /m of air concentration (87,88). Chlorine dioxide is a severe respiratory and eye irritant. Symptoms of exposure by inhalation include eye and throat irritation, headache, nausea, nasal discharge, coughing, wheezing, bronchitis, and delayed onset of pulmonary edema. Delayed deaths occurred in animals after exposure to 150—200 ppm for less than one hour. Rats repeatedly exposed to 10 ppm died after 10 to 13 days of exposure. Exposure of a worker to 19 ppm for an unspecified time was fatal. The ingested systemic effects of low concentration chlorine dioxide solutions are similar to that of chlorite. 

The effects of dmgs and adjuvants must be assessed, both in short-term administration and during chronic treatment. Local effects include changes in mucocihary clearance, cell damage, and irritation. Chronic erosion of the mucous membrane may lead to inflammation, hyperplasia, metaplasia, and deterioration of normal nasal function (76). 

Their vapors are irritating to nasal passages and to the throat. These effects are noticeable in airborne concentrations of 2-5 ppm [43,44]. When large quantities of these materials are used, efficient ventilation is required. Because alkyl... 

Chemical Sensitization Evidence suggests that some people may develop health problems characterized by effects such as dizziness, eye and throat irritation, chest tightness, and nasal congestion that appear whenever they are exposed to certain chemicals. People may react to even trace amounts of chemicals to which they have become "sensitized."... 

Ohki, M., Hasegawa, M., Kurita, N., and Watanabe, I. (1987). Effects of exercise on nasal resistance and nasal blood flow. Acta Otolaryngol. (Stockh) 104, 328-333. 

---