Naphtha oxygen

Although acetic acid and water are not beheved to form an azeotrope, acetic acid is hard to separate from aqueous mixtures. Because a number of common hydrocarbons such as heptane or isooctane form azeotropes with formic acid, one of these hydrocarbons can be added to the reactor oxidate permitting separation of formic acid. Water is decanted in a separator from the condensate. Much greater quantities of formic acid are produced from naphtha than from butane, hence formic acid recovery is more extensive in such plants. Through judicious recycling of the less desirable oxygenates, nearly all major impurities can be oxidized to acetic acid. Final acetic acid purification follows much the same treatments as are used in acetaldehyde oxidation. Acid quahty equivalent to the best analytical grade can be produced in tank car quantities without difficulties. 

Properties. The properties of naphtha, gas od, and H-od products from an H-coal operation are given in Table 7. These analyses are for Hquids produced from the syncmde operating mode. Whereas these Hquids are very low in sulfur compared with typical petroleum fractions, they are high in oxygen and nitrogen levels. No residual od products (bp > 540° C) are formed. 

The cracked gas composition is shown ia Table 10 for the water queach operatioa (16). Oae thousand cubic meters of methane and 600 m of oxygen produce 1800 m of cracked gas. If a naphtha quench is used, additional yields are produced, consuming 130 kg of naphtha/1000 of methane... 

Acetic acid (qv) can be produced synthetically (methanol carbonylation, acetaldehyde oxidation, butane/naphtha oxidation) or from natural sources (5). Oxygen is added to propylene to make acrolein, which is further oxidized to acryHc acid (see Acrylic acid and derivatives). An alternative method adds carbon monoxide and/or water to acetylene (6). Benzoic acid (qv) is made by oxidizing toluene in the presence of a cobalt catalyst (7). 

Cresylic acid is a commercial mixture of phenolic compounds including phenol, cresols, and xylenols. This mixture varies widely according to its source. Properties of phenol, cresols, and xylenols are shown in Table 4-5 Cresylic acid constitutes part of the oxygen compounds found in crudes that are concentrated in the naphtha fraction obtained principally from naphthenic and asphaltic-based crudes. Phenolic compounds, which are weak acids, are extracted with relatively strong aqueous caustic solutions. 

In the HTFT oil refinery the light oil and <345°C fraction of the decanted oil (obtained by passing the decanted oil through a vacuum flash drum) were clay treated. Clay treatment is similar to Bauxite treatment and is used to increase the octane number of the naphtha by acidic isomerization and to reduce the oxygenate content of the oil. Processing the LTFT and HTFT in separate (and different)... 

Oxygenate refining was limited to chemicals recovery from the Fischer-Tropsch aqueous product and acidic isomerization of the C5-C6 naphtha. The naphtha and distillate range oxygenates were removed by hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) in hydrotreaters, before further refining. 

Mashapa, T. N., and De Klerk, A. 2007. Solid phosphoric acid catalysed conversion of oxygenate containing Fischer-Tropsch naphtha. Appl. Catal. A 332 200-8. 

Liquid fuels such as distillate, naphtha, diesel oils, and heavy fuel oil can be reformed in partial oxidation reformers. All commercial POX reactors employ noncatalytic POX of the feed stream by oxygen in the presence of steam with reaction temperatures of approximately 1,300 to 1,500°C (2,370 to 2,730°F) (18). For illustration, the overall POX reaction for pentane is... 

Hydrogen production by partial oxidation is similar to production by catalytic steam reforming. The process basically involves the conversion of steam, oxygen and hydrocarbons to hydrogen and carbon oxides. The process proceeds at moderately high pressures with or without a catalyst depending on the feedstock and process selected. The catalytic POX, which occurs at about 865 K, will work with feedstock ranging from methane to naphtha. The non-catalytic POX, which occurs... 

A fuel cell produces electricity directly from the electrochemical reaction of hydrogen, from a hydrogen-containing fuel, and oxygen from the air. Hydrogen is industrially produced by steam reformation of naphtha oil, methane and methanol. High-purity hydrogen has been mainly used as a fuel for low-temperature fuel cells such as polymer or alkaline electrolyte fuel cells (Lin and Rei, 2000). 

For succinic acid production, we estimate the energy consumption of the production process amounts of raw materials such as naphtha, heavy oil and water and amounts of hydrogen and oxygen required in the intermediate processes, based on number of sources [8, 10, 11]. For production of the raw materials naphtha and heavy oil, and for hydrogen and oxygen required, we adopt data from JEMAl LCA Ver. 1.1.6 [8]. For water used in the process, we adopt the data on clean water supply from the literature [12]. 

Sulfur can be found in most all petroleum fractions. In naphtha, distillates and some lube fractions, sulfur is a component of carbon and hydrogen containing molecules. In heavier fractions, sulfur may be bound in asphaltene and resin matrices in combination with nitrogen and oxygen. The organosulfur compounds present in most fuels are either thiols, sulfides or thiophenes. 

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