Polyaniline nanowires

Ma, Y Zhang, J. and He, H. 2004 Polyaniline nanowires on Si surfaces fabricated with DNAtemplates. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 126, 7097-7101. 

Similar approach has also been taken by Ferain and Legras [133,137,138] and De Pra et al. [139] to produce nanostructured materials based on the template of the membrane with etched pores. Polycarbonate film was also of use as the base membrane of the template, and micro- and nanopores were formed by precise control of the etching procedure. Their most resent report showed the successful formation of ultrasmall pores and electrodeposited materials of which sizes were as much as 20 nm [139]. Another attractive point of these studies is the deposited materials in the etched pores. Electrochemical polymerization of conjugated polymer materials was demonstrated in these studies, and the nanowires based on polypyrrole or polyaniline were formed with a fairly cylindrical shape reflecting the side wall structure of the etched pores. Figure 10 indicates the shape of the polypyrrole microwires with their dimension changes by the limitation of the thickness of the template. 

Attout A, Yunus S, Bertrand P (2008) Electrospinning and alignment of polyaniline-based nanowires and nanotubes. Polym Eng Sci 48(9) 1661—1666... 

Studies performed by Yuan et al. on conductive polyaniline (PANI) nanofibers, P3DOT, and CNT thin films show that aU three are capable of forming highly compliant electrodes with fault tolerant behavior [225]. Nanowires and tubes are of particular interest since they are capable of maintaining a percolation network at large strains, thus reducing the required electrode thickness while still allowing for maximum strain performance. 

Figure 2.15 The highly oriented conducting PANI-NFs formed in the complexes of the PAN emeraldine base with a phosphoric acid-terminated PEO (from Table of Contents of Reference 302). (Reprinted with permission from Macromolecules, Highly Oriented Nanowires from the Hierarchical Self-Assembly in Supramolecular Complex of Polyaniline with Lu-Methoxypoly(ethylene oxide) Phosphates by B. Nandan,J.-Y. Hsu, A. Chiba etai, 40,3, 395-398. Copyright (2007) American Chemical Society)...

X. Wang, M. Shao, G. Shao, Z. Wu, and S. Wang, A facile route to ultra-long polyaniline nanowires and the fabrication of photoswitch, J. Colloid Interface ScL, 332, 74-77 (2009). 

W. Zhong, J. Deng, Y. Yang, and W. Yang, Synthesis of large-area three-dimensional polyaniline nanowire networks using a soft template , Macromol. Rapid Commun., 26, 395-400 (2005). 

F.-J. Liu, L.-M. Huang, T.-C. Wen, A. Gopalan, and J.-S. Hung, Interfacial synthesis of platinum loaded polyaniline nanowires in poly(styrene sulfonic acid). Mater. Lett., 61,4400 4405 (2007). 

M. Malta, L. H. Silva, A. Galembeck, and M. Kom, Ultrasound-assisted synthesis of hybrid vanadium oxide/polyaniline nanowires, Macromol. Rapid Common., 29, 1221-1225 (2008). 

J. Jang and J. Bae, Formation of polyaniline nanorod/hquid crystalline epoxy composite nanowires using a temperature-gradient method, Adv. Funct. Mater., 15,1877-1882 (2005). 

G.-Y. Zhao and H.-L. Li, Preparation of polyaniline nanowire arrayed electrodes for electrochemical supercapacitors, Microporous Mesoporous Mater., 110, 590-594 (2008). 

Y. Cao and T. E. Mallouk, Morphology of template-grown polyaniline nanowires and its effect on the electrochemical capacitance of nano wire arrays, Chem. Mater., 20, 5260-5265 (2008). 

V. Gupta and N. Miura, Electrochemically deposited polyaniline nanowire s network A high-performance electrode material for redox supercapacitor, Electrochem. Solid-State Lett., 8, A630-A632 (2005). 

V. Gupta and N. Miura, Large-area network of polyaniline nanowires prepared by potentio-static deposition process, Electrochem. Commun., 7, 995-999 (2005). 

X. Zou, S. Zhang, M. Shi, and J. Kong, Remarkably enhanced capacitance of ordered polyaniline nanowires tailored by stepwise electrochemical deposition, J. Solid State Electrochem., 11, 317-322 (2007). 

B. Nandan, J.-Y. Hsu, A. Chiba, H.-L. Chen, C.-S. Liao, S.-A. Chen, and H. Hasegawa, Highly oriented nanowires from the hierarchical self-assembly in supramolecular complex of polyaniline with )-methoxypoly(ethylene oxide) phosphates. Macromolecules, 40, 395-398 (2007). 

Y.-Y. Homg, Y.-K. Hsu, A. Ganguly, C.-C. Chen, L.-C. Chen, and K.-H. Chen, Direct-growth of polyaniline nanowires for enzyme-immobilization and glucose detection, Electrochem. Commun., 11, 850-853 (2009). 

N. Zhu, Z. Chang, P. He, and Y. Fang, Electrochemically fabricated polyaniline nanowire-modified electrode for voltammetric detection of DNA hybridization, Electrochim. Acta 51, 3758-3762 (2006). 

Extremely low-dimensional conducting nanowires (as small as 3 nm in diameter) for use in nanoelectronics can be produced with the electrospinning technique [103]. Using template methods, insulating PLA fibers with an average diameter of 200-700 nm as core materials were electrospun and subsequently coated with thin 50-100 nm films of polyaniline or polypyrrole by in situ polymer deposition methods. The PLA core fibers decompose upon relatively mild thermal treatment under inert atmosphere, leaving... 

Figure 10.20 SEM photograph of a single strand PPy-TBAPE6 (tetrabutylammonium-hexafluorophosphate) nanowire on a four-probe photolithography pattern. (Reprinted with permission from Synthetic Metals, Synthesis, characteristics, and field emission of doped and de-dopedpolypyrrole, polyaniline, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) nanotubes and nanowires by B. H. Kim, D. H. Park, j. Joo et al., 150, 3, 279-284. Copyright (2005) Elsevier Ltd)...

Figure 10.25 Fabrication of a polyaniline nanowire immobilized on a Si surface with stretched double-stranded DNA as a guiding template. (Reprinted with permission from Journal of the American Chemical Society, Polyaniline nanowires on Si Surfaces Fabricated with DNA Templates by Y. Ma etal., 126, 22. Copyright (2004) American Chemical Society)...

X. Yu, Y. Li, and K. Kalantar-zadeh, Synthesis and electrochemical properties of template-based polyaniline nanowires and template-free nanofibril arrays Two potential nanostructures for gas sensors, Sens. Actuat. B, 136, 1-7 (2009). 

Gao et al. reported the synthesis of aligned coaxial nanowire of carbon nanotubes with polypyrrole or polyaniline using a cyclic voltammetric technique [50]. DC conductivity of the polyaniline-coated nanotube film was measured to be 10 S cm , which is higher than that of polyaniline film electrochemically deposited on a gold plate under the same conditions. This is possibly due to the doping effect associated with carbon nanotubes. 

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