Nanotubes structural properties

The structure-property relations of fullerenes, fullerene-derived solids, and carbon nanotubes are reviewed in the context of advanced technologies for carbon-hased materials. The synthesis, structure and electronic properties of fullerene solids are then considered, and modifications to their structure and properties through doping with various charge transfer agents are reviewed. Brief comments are included on potential applications of this unique family of new materials. 

Chapter 1 contains a review of carbon materials, and emphasizes the stmeture and chemical bonding in the various forms of carbon, including the foui" allotropes diamond, graphite, carbynes, and the fullerenes. In addition, amorphous carbon and diamond fihns, carbon nanoparticles, and engineered carbons are discussed. The most recently discovered allotrope of carbon, i.e., the fullerenes, along with carbon nanotubes, are more fully discussed in Chapter 2, where their structure-property relations are reviewed in the context of advanced technologies for carbon based materials. The synthesis, structure, and properties of the fullerenes and... 

Key Words —Carbon nanotube, electronic properties, structural properties, strain energy, band gap, band structure, electronic structure. 

Herein, we summarize some of the basic electronic and structural properties expected of these nanotubes from theoretical grounds. First we will discuss the basic structures of the nanotubes, define the nomencla-... 

Carbon nanotubes have the same range of diameters as fullerenes, and are expeeted to show various kinds of size effeets in their struetures and properties. Carbon nanotubes are one-dimensional materials and fullerenes are zero-dimensional, whieh brings different effects to bear on their structures as well as on their properties. A whole range of issues from the preparation, structure, properties and observation of quantum effeets in carbon nanotubes in eomparison with 0-D fullerenes are diseussed in this book. 

Dresselhaus, M., Dresselhaus, G., and Avouris, P., Eds., Carbon Nanotubes. Synthesis, Structure, Properties and Applications, Springer, Berlin, 2001. 

The structure of carbon nanotubes depends upon the orientation of the hexagons in the cylinder with respect to the tubule axis. The limiting orientations are zigzag and arm chair forms, Fig. 8B. In between there are a number of chiral forms in which the carbon hexagons are oriented along a screw axis, Fig. 8B. The formal topology of these nanotube structures has been described [89]. Carbon nanotubes have attracted a lot of interest because they are essentially onedimensional periodic structures with electronic properties (metallic or semiconducting) that depend upon their diameter and chirality [90,91]. (Note. After this section was written a book devoted to carbon nanotubes has been published [92], see also [58].)... 

Dresselhaus MS, Dresslhous G, Avouris P (2000). In carbon nanotubes synthesis, structure, properties and application, Chap. 13. Springer, Berlin, Germany. 

Bandaru PR (2007) Electrical properties and applications of carbon nanotube structures. JNanosci Nanotechnol 7 1239-1267. 

Dresseihaus, M. S. Dresseihaus, G. Avouris, P. Carbon nanotubes synthesis, structure, properties, and applications Springer Berlin New York, 2001. 

M. S. Dresselhaus, G. Dresselhaus and P. Avouris (Eds.), Carbon Nanotubes Synthesis, Structure, Properties, and Applications (Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 2001) J. Appenzeller, E. Joselevich and W. Honlein, Nanoelectronics and Information Technology (Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2003), p. 473. 

Research on modeling of endohedral fullerenes within single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) has received increased attention towards the understanding of their electronic and structural properties [304-307]. However, very recently particular emphasis was given to the endohedral fullerenes N C60 [308-313] and P C60 [314] due to the electron spin on the nitrogen or phosphorus site, respectively. Having an extremely long decoherence time the unpaired electron spin could be used as a qubit within a quantum computer. 

In order to satisfy the industrial demand, the performance of supercapacitors must be improved and new solutions should be proposed. The development of new materials and new concepts has enabled important breakthroughs during the last years. In this forecast, carbon plays a central role. Due to its low cost, versatility of nanotextural and structural properties, high electrical conductivity, it is the main electrode component. Nanoporous carbons are the active electrode material, whereas carbon blacks or nanotubes can be used for improving the conductivity of electrodes or as support of other active materials, e.g., oxides or electrically conducting polymers. 

Provided in this chapter is an overview on the fundamentals of polymer nanocomposites, including structure, properties, and surface treatment of the nanoadditives, design of the modifiers, modification of the nanoadditives and structure of modified nanoadditives, synthesis and struc-ture/morphology of the polymer nanocomposites, and the effect of nanoadditives on thermal and fire performance of the matrix polymers and mechanism. Trends for the study of polymer nanocomposites are also provided. This covers all kinds of inorganic nanoadditives, but the primary focus is on clays (particularly on the silicate clays and the layered double hydroxides) and carbon nanotubes. The reader who needs to have more detailed information and/or a better picture about nanoadditives and their influence on the matrix polymers, particularly on the thermal and fire performance, may peruse some key reviews, books, and papers in this area, which are listed at the end of the chapter. 

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