Nanostructures elongated

In addition to chemical or physical properties, a fascinating aspect of fullerene related materials is their central empty space, where atoms, molecules or particles can be enclosed. The enclosed particles are then protected by the robust graphitic layers from chemical or mechanical effects. The very long cavities of CNTs have a special potential due to their high aspect ratio and they can be used as templates to fabricate elongated nanostructures. 

Several attempts were made to apply nanostructures made of DNA or proteins to the development of alternative computation or computer memory. The concept of DNA computing was developed as an alternative computation approach based on information and data stored as sequenced DNA nucleotides and DNA-specific hybridization and elongation as a means to reach the answer or solution to a problem. Available tools of molecular biology were employed to identify and analyze the results [66-68]. This multistage computation is based on the assumption that solutions can be sought in parallel, thus compensating for the relatively slow processing time. 

We use the same approach to classify the different nanostructures for Titania. The term one-dimensional (ID) nanostructures indicate nanocrystals in which elongation only in one direction is above this threshold (about 10 nm). This class of ID nanostructures comprises different types of nano-ordered materials, such as nanorods, -wires, -coils, -fibers, -pillars (or -columns) and -tubes. We prefer to use the term quasi one-dimensional nanostructures, because often the dimensions are larger than the indicated threshold, although elongation along one main axis still exists. When the diameter of the nanorod, nanowire or nanotube becomes smaller, there is often a significant change in the properties with respect to crystalline solids or even two-dimensional systems. A bismuth nanowire is an excellent example, which transforms into a semiconductor, as the wire diameter becomes smaller.145... 

When these ID nanocrystals are deposited on a surface, typically a random direction exists for the elongating axis of each ID nanocrystal. However, if the preparation method leads to an alignment of the elongating axis in one single direction, e.g. when an ordered array is present, quasi-2E) nanostructures are present. This class of nanostructured Titania thin film may be extended to include also ordered mesoporous Titania membranes, e.g. when the pores are aligned in one single direction. 

As pointed out in part 1, ° ID oxide nanostructures do not represent only particles with high elongation ratio, but possess different spedfie eharaeteristics related to the nanostructure. For example, O2 adsorption is different from that observed for Ti02 single erystals and this has consequenees on the catalytic behaviour. In order to exploit the properties of ID oxide nanostructure, however, it is essential to orient nanotubes on substrates and to create ordered arrays. 

Kharlamov Al, Kirillova NV, Loytchenko SV (2002) Synthesis of elongated nanostructures of silicon carbide from powdery sdicon and carbon. Proc Ukr Acad Sci 10 98-105... 

Jain, Prashant K. El-Sayed, Mostafa A. 2008. Surface plasmon coupling and its universal size scahng in metal nanostructures of complex geometry Elongated particle pairs and nanosphere trimers. J. Phys. Chem. C 112(13) 4954-4960. 

Self-assembled nanostructures of biopolymers play an important role in nature. For example, extracellular branched polysaccharides decorate bacterial surfaces and therewith mediate cell adhesion [11], aggrecans (protein-polysaccharide complexes) control mechanical stresses in synovial joints [12], whereas neurofilaments (neuron-specific protein assemblies) support the elongated cell shape and participate in the maintenance of the axonal caliber [13]. It is believed that these biological functions rest on the ability of bioassemblies to provide adequate responses to variations in the local environment. Therefore, a better understanding of the physical mechanisms that govern conformational rearrangements in (bio)nanostructures, is of key importance, not only for colloid and material sciences, but also for cell biology. 

The capability of nanostructured polymers in regulating the behavior of bone cells (including adhesion, growth, alignment, and elongation) and, thus, promoting bone... 

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