Fullerenes and related materials

Along with the other prominent carbon cage molecule found in graphite vapours is C70, containing 70 atoms of carbon. The C70 molecule has the shape of a rugby ball (Fig. 1.36). This entire family of carbon molecules is referred to as fullerenes. Other interesting species (e.g. C-,, C g, CgJ have also been identified. One of the large 

With the availability of a method to produce fullerenes in the laboratory, the topic has become the rage of the day. It has created great excitement in the scientific world comparable only to that of high-temperature superconductors in early 1987. Cgg and C70 have been characterized in terms of the crystal structure, UV-visible, NMR, 

In diamond, the distance between two carbon atoms is that of a C—C single bond (1.54 A) while in graphite, it is smaller (1.39 A). In buckminsterfullerene, C o, there are two distinct C—C bond lengths of around 1.40 A and 1.43 A (Fig. 1.36). These distances are between those in diamond and graphite. Diamond is a perfect insulator while graphite is a conductor Cgg is an insulator with a band gap of 2.2eV. The compressibility of Cgo is comparable to that of diamond. is a reactive molecule and can 

One of the aspects that has been of interest is the incorporation of an external atom in the spheroidal cavity. A variety of metal atoms can, in principle, be trapped in this cavity. Some of the studies have claimed that it is possible to push atoms such as lanthanum, iron and helium inside the spheroidal cavity of CgQ and other fullerenes. Substitution of the carbon in CgQ by boron and nitrogen has been attempted. Interestingly, nitrogen not only substitutes for carbon in the cage but also adds on to Cgo and C-iq. 

In addition to fullerenes, many other carbon structures formed of six-, five- and seven-membered rings (predominantly six) are likely to be discovered. Special mention must be made of carbon nanotubes formed in the direct-current arc evaporation of graphite (lijima, 1991). The nanotubes are essentially made up of graphite sheets and have an inner core of around 1 nm with a variable number of graphite sheaths (Fig. 

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Further reading Kroto, Fischer and Cox Fullerenes Pergamon Press, Oxford 1993 ISBN 0080421520 Kadish and Ruoff (Eds) Fullerenes Recent Advances in the Chemistry and Physics of Fullerenes and Related Materials The Electrochemical Soc. Inc, Pennington, NJ, 1994 ISBN 1566770823]... 

In this edition, we have incorporated new material in all the chapters and updated references to the literature. New sections dealing with porous solids, fullerenes and related materials, metal nitrides, metal tellurides, molecular magnets and other organic materials have been added. Under preparative strategies, we have included new types of synthesis reported in the literature, specially those based on soft chemistry routes. We have a new section covering typical results from empirical theory and electron spectroscopy. There is a major section dealing with high-temperature oxide superconductors. We hope that this edition of the book will prove to be a useful text and reference work for all those interested in solid state chemistry and materials science. 

Kuzmany H, Winter J (2000) Vibrational properties of fullerenes and fullerides. In Andreoni W (ed) The physics of fullerenes and related materials. World Scientific, Singapore, p 208 Kuzmany H, Winkler R, Pichler (1995) J Phys Condens Matter 7 6601... 

Ulmer, L. Torres-Garcia, G. Wolff, Ch. Mattay, J. Luftmann, H. in Recent Advances in the Chemistry and Physics of Fullerene and Related Materials, Ed. Kadish, K. M. Ruoff, R. S., The Electrochemical Society, 1997,5, 306-312. 

Dorn HC et al. (1998) In Kadish KM, Ruoff RS (eds) Fullerenes recent advances in the chemistry and physics of fullerenes and related materials. Electrochemical Society, p 990... 

SOLID STATE PROPERTIES OF FULLERENES AND RELATED MATERIALS... 

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