Nanostructured macromolecules features

About a decade ago, the main features (experimental and applicative) governing the self-organization of nanostructured macromolecules were highlighted, with particular emphasis on block copolymers, envisaging the future perspectives for these materials [36]. 

This study shows the possibilities and specific feature of IR-pyrolysis for the formation of nanostructured carbon. In such way PAN, thermal transformations of which have been studied in detail [8-11], was chosen as the precursor for preparation of nanostructured carbon materials by carbonization of PAN and its composites with gadolinium chloride under non-coherent IR radiation. Specific action of IR-radiation on vibrational energy of PAN bands macromolecules allows one to decrease extremely time treatment and as a result to make simple, low energy and cost-effective pyrolitic method. 

Self-organization of macromolecules is one of the most popular way to achieve nanostructured features because it can be in principle applied to every kind of polymer, natural or synthetic [8], The recent advances in design criteria for the attainment of well-defined polymers and nanostructures allow to produce macromolecules with specific functionalities which are tailored for potentials in development of capsules, drug delivery systems and nanoscale electro-optical devices [9], Upon this premise, the methods that are able to induce the self-assembly of macromolecules are related to the chemico-physical properties of the selected polymer, of the substrate on which the nanostructure grows and on their combination. Obviously, this premise envisages the variety of different morphologies, nanostructures and related applications that can be obtained by the versatility of self-assembly. 

The supramolecular self-assembly approach in the solid state from solution, leading to well defined nanostructures has been discussed in a comprehensive paper that describes the main features related to this method interactions of macromolecules with the substrate surface, design of well defined molecular structure, and use of block copolymers have been considered in a joint experimental-theoretical approach, in view of understanding the structure-property relationship of conjugated nanostructures [30],... 

At present it is obvious that polymeric systems by virtue of the special features of their structure are always nanostructural systems [1]. However, treatment of such a structure can be different. The authors [2-4] used for this purpose the cluster model of the amorphous state structure of polymers [5-7], which supposes that the indicated structure consists of local order domains (clusters), immersed into a loosely packed matrix. In this case the latter is considered as a natural nanocomposite matrix and the clusters as a nanofiller. A cluster presents itself as a set of several densely packed collinear segments of various macromolecules with sizes up to several nanometres [5-7]. It has been shown that such clusters are true nanoparticles - the nanoworld objects (nanoclusters) [2],... 

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