Nanostructured macromolecules nanostructures

Pralle M.U., Whitaker C.M., Braun P.V., and Stupp S.I. Molecular variables in the self-assembly of supramolecular nanostructure. Macromolecules, 33, 3550, 2000. 

Most published work on the design and fabrication of nanostructures from biological macromolecules relate to DNA and proteins the use of other biopolymers, such as cyclodextrins [2], was far less developed. Because the use of DNA is intensively covered in Chapter 10 of this volume (also see Ref 3), as well as recently described by Seeman [4,5] this chapter will focus on proteins as a potential tool for the construction of nanostructures. Hence this chapter is focused on literature that may provide a basis for the identification of gnidelines, methodologies, and examples having potential for farther development of new protein-based composite nanostrnctnres integrating strnctnral and bioactive components. 

Linder, S. M. and Thelakkat, M. (2004) Nanostructures of n-type organic semiconductor in a p-type matrix via self-assembly of block copolymers. Macromolecules, 37, 8832-8835. 

Keywords Macromolecules m Dendrimers m Fractal Structure m Hyperbranched Polymers m Nanostructure m Divergent Synthesis m Convergent Synthesis m Dendrylation... 

P. Kumar, A. Mehta, S.M. Mahurin, S. Dai, M.D. Dadmun, B.G. Sumpter, and M.D. Barnes, Formation of oriented nanostructures from single molecules of conjugated polymers in microdroplets of solution the role of solvent, Macromolecules, 37 6132-6140, 2004. 

X. Kong and S.A. Jenekhe, Block copolymers containing conjugated polymer and polypeptide sequences synthesis and self-assembly of electroactive and photoactive nanostructures, Macromolecules, 37 8180-8183, 2004. 

S. M. Vega-Dfaz, F.J. Medellfn-Rodrfguez, S. Sanchez-Valdes, B. E. Flandy,. M. Mata-Padilla,0. Davalos-Montoya, Synthesis and morphological characterization of sodium and calcium clay nanostructured poly(E-caprolactam) [nylon 6] hybrids, The Open Macromolecules Journal, vol. 2, pp. 19-25, 2008. 

Makinen R, Ruokolainen J, Ikkala O, De Moel K, ten Brinke G, De Odorico W, Stamm M. Orientation of supramolecular self-organized polymeric nanostructures by oscillatory shear flow. Macromolecules 2000 33 3441-3446. 

As far as the chemist is concerned, nanosized materials are huge macromolecules (with molecular weights of the order of 106 to 1010) constructed from millions of atoms. Atom-by-atom synthesis of nanostructures, via covalent bond formation, is a formidable task which has not as yet been achieved by synthetic chemists. Covalent polymerization is the best that chemists have done thus far [3]. Chemists have made spectacular progress, however, in forming self-organized and supramolecular materials in the size domain of nanostructures by the non-covalent bond assembly of molecules [7]. 

Fig. 25. The development of lamellar molecular crystals using polypeptides with a repeating sequence. The correct folding of these macromolecules produced by molecular biology gives peptide nanostructures, bearing specific functional groups in a well-defined spatial relationship. (Reproduced with the permission of Ref. 63)...

Ruckdaschel H, Gutmann P, Altstadt V, Schmalz H, Muller AHE. Cellular polymer blends with nanostructured cell walls. Macromolecules, submitted... 

The property of the polymers in question to form nonspherical nanostructures was confirmed in experimental studies. Shih et al. [29] synthesized alternating copolymers of 1-alkenes with maleic anhydride. The maleic anhydride units were hydrolyzed to maleic acid units. Fully hydrolyzed macromolecules associated into microstructures of cylindrical and ellipselike shape. The cylindrical shape was characteristic of copolymers with octadecene and hexadecene moieties, while the copolymers with lower alkene copolymers (tetradecene, dodecene, decene, octene) formed ellipsoidal structures. Wataoka et al. [30] investigated the formation of nonspherical helices in a system of maltopentaose-carrying polystyrene (PS). The polymer was synthesized via the homopolymerization of vinylbenzyl maltopentaose amide (Scheme 3). 

Rathore, O., and Sogah, D.Y. "Nanostructure formation through p-sheet sheet self-assembly in silk-based materials". Macromolecules 34(5), 1477-1486 (2001). 

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