Nanoscale phenomenon

Hodes G (2007) When small is different some recent advances in concepts and applications of nanoscale phenomena. Adv Mater 19 639-655... 

The important impact of these experimental insights for molecular modeling is that the development of structure versus property relations of PEMs does not require multiscale approaches going all the way to the macroscopic scale. Rather, the main job is done if one arrives at the scale of several 10s of nanometers. Notably, operation at low hydration emphasizes even more the importance of (sub)nanoscale phenomena controlled by explicit interactions in the polymer-water-proton system. 

S. Tiedke, Nanoscale Phenomena in ferroelectric thin films, Seungbum Hong ed Kluwer Academic Publisher, expected publication date autumn 2003. 

Nanoparticles are not only a product of new nano-technologies, but are also present in the environment, and nanoscale phenomena permeate and often control natural processes.12 Humans have always experienced exposure to nanosized particles, but with the advent of the industrial revolution, this exposure from anthropogenic sources (e.g. internal combustion engines, power plant etc.) has increased dramatically. 

Hong S (ed) (2004) Nanoscale phenomena in ferroelectric thin films. Springer, Berlin... 

MICROSCALE HEAT TRANSFER UTILIZING MICROSCALE AND NANOSCALE PHENOMENA... 

Fast oxidation process in a way of combustion and, in some cases, of explosion in porous silicon films has been observed at pore wall thickness less than 10 nm. The increasing of porous specific area results in an enhancement of combustion and explosion intensity. The explosion process has been observed at the specific area more than 200 m /cm. Thus combustion and explosion processes in the porous silicon layers can be attributed to nanoscale phenomena. 

Indeed, the energy and enthusiasm generated by the scientific community s recent focus on nanoscale phenomena presents an opportunity for making a significant leap in... 

Current world-wide interest in hanot echnology and hanomaterials offers a unique opportunity for the Earth sciences. Both the level of visibility and the explosion of synthesis and characterization techniques in physics, chemistry, and materials science provide mineralogy and geochemistry with new opportunities. It is important for us to show that the hano field c onsists of more than micromachines and electronic devices, and that nanoscale phenomena permeate and often control natural processes. 

Alkire, R. and VerhofF, M. (1998) The Bridge From Nanoscale Phenomena to Macroscale Processes. Electrochim. Acta, 43, 2733-2741. 

In the discussion below, we focus on a few case studies in recent literature on a subset of nanocrystals and our understanding of nanoscale phenomena specific to these systems using information obtained from a combination of optical methods. 

Moreover, most processes in the chemical industry are governed by nanoscale phenomena. In many cases the nanoscale structure plays an important role, e.g., the local concentrations and not the overall concentrations govern reactions at active sites of catalysts. Phenomenological thermodynamics provides no route to obtain insight in these nanoscale structures and processes, whereas molecular simulations based on forces fields do. The key is to carry them out with models that are suitably developed and reasonably represent the compounds. 

Clearly, the ability to synthesize nanoparticles preceded the understanding of nanoscale phenomena. Systematic studies of nanoparticles began to appear as early as the seventeenth century. Antonio Neri, a Florentine glass maker and priest, describes the synthesis of colloidal gold in his 1612 treatise L Arte Vetraria. John Kunckel, revised and translated Neri s work into german in 1689. Kunckel is often credited with the discovery that glass can be colored red by addition of gold. 

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