Nanoparticles conducting-polymer

Metal-Oxide Nanoparticles/Conducting-Polymer Nanocomposites... 

PPy nanocomposites have been extensively reported in the literatme [261-267]. In the case of inorganic nanoparticles/conducting polymer nanocomposites, various inorganic nanomaterials including silica, palladium, platinum, and maghemite have been formed via inclusion techniques using both chemical and electrochemical approaches [261]. Multifunctional nanocomposites could be fabricated by the judicious choice of synthetic techniques and inorganic materials. 

Keywords Magnetic nanoparticles Conducting polymers Magnetic properties Electrical properties... 

Another method to synthesize hollow nanocapsules involves the use of nanoparticle templates as the core, growing a shell around them, then subsequently removing the core by dissolution [30-32]. Although this approach is reminiscent of the sacrificial core method, the nanoparticles are first trapped and aligned in membrane pores by vacuum filtration rather than coated while in aqueous solution. The nanoparticles are employed as templates for polymer nucleation and growth Polymerization of a conducting polymer around the nanoparticles results in polymer-coated particles and, following dissolution of the core particles, hollow polymer nanocapsules are obtained. 

Among those several different types of transducers based on CNTs, the CNT-composite electrode, which was the first CNT electrode tested in 1996, is still widely used with different composite materials such as conducting polymers, nanoparticles, sol-gel, etc. The usefulness of these electrodes is based on their high sensitivity, quick response, good reproducibility, and particularly long-term stability. We expect to see continued research activities using CNT-composite electrodes. 

Researchers have already been using ink jet systems to print several types of novel materials, some of which have been used to fabricate circuit electrodes and interconnects. The four main types of materials used are metallo-organics, conductive polymers, molten metals, and metallic nanoparticle suspensions. 

This chapter gives an overview of the state of affairs in physical theory and molecular modeling of materials for PEECs. The scope encompasses systems suitable for operation at T < 100°C that contain aqueous-based, proton-conducting polymer membranes and catalyst layers based on nanoparticles of Pt. 

Cassagneau T, Mallouk TE, Fendler JH (1998) Layer-by-layer assembly of thin film zener diodes from conducting polymer and CdSe nanoparticles. J Am Chem Soc 120 7848-7879... 

Unusually small value of pc in this system speaks that the true concentration of Ag in the areas of a film, where Ag nanocrystals are formed, strongly differs from the average concentration determined in experiment. Systems with concentration of M/SC nanoparticles close to pc are of special interest. In such systems the essential increase in conductivity as compared to that of pure polymer results from processes of tunnel electron transfer between nanoparticles. Conductivity of composite system with regard to electron tunneling between M/SC nanoparticles has been considered in work [88] on the basis of the following model. In the model, the spherical particle of radius Rq is surrounded with the sphere of radius Rd describing the delocalization for conductivity electrons of the particle and partial transition of electronic density in an environment (Figure 10.6a). 

T. Cassagneau, T.E. MaUouk, J.H. Fendler, Layer-by-Layer Assembly of Thin Film Zener Diodes from Conducting Polymers and CdSe Nanoparticles , J. Am. Chem. Soc., 120,7848(1998)... 

Among the proton-conducting membranes Nation or Nafion-like sulfonated perfluorinated polymers should also be mentioned. These materials are used for polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cells, and in addition to being chemically very stable, they exhibit high proton conductivity at temperatures lower than 100°C. It is believed that permeability and thermal stability may be increased if tailor-made lamellar nanoparticles are added to a proton conducting polymer. 

Another approach to deposit conducting polymers can be achieved by photochemical polymerization of the monomer precursors. This procedure provides a means by which different composites (metals and/or various alloy materials with or without biomolecules) can be deposited from an electrolyte onto a non-conducting surface. Such a procedure was optimized and applied for polymerization of pyrrole in the presence of metal nanoparticles [61]. Photopolymerized films containing metals analyzed by environmental scanning electron microscopy (SEM) appeared to be typical of amorphous polypyrrole in which bright Ag particles were found on the surface (Fig. 7.6). 

In Chapter 24, Duo and coworkers discuss metal oxide nanoparticle reactivity on synthetic boron-doped diamond surfaces. Lamy and Leger treat electrocatalysis with electron-conducting polymers in the presence of noble metal nanoparticles, and new nanostructure materials for electrocatalysis are the subject of the final chapter, by Alonso-Vante. 

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