Nanoparticle utility

Sohn BH et al (2003) Directed self-assembly of two kinds of nanoparticles utilizing monolayer films of diblock copolymer micelles. J Am Chem Soc 125(21) 6368-6369... 

Inbakandan, D., Venkatesan, S., Khan, S.A., 2010. Biosynthesis of gold nanoparticles utilizing marine spongs Acanthella elongata (Dendy, 1905). Colloid. Surf. B 81, 634—639. 

Wei D, Qian W. Facile synthesis of Ag and Au nanoparticles utilizing chitosan as a mediator agent. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces. 2008 62(1) 136-42. 

T. A. Ahmed, and M. Khalid, Development of alginate-reinforced chitosan nanoparticles utilizing W/O nanoemulsification/internal crosslinking technique for transdermal delivery of rabeprazole. Life Sci., 110 (1), 35-43, 2014. 

Zhang, L., Zheng, S., Kang, D.E., Shin, J.Y., Suh, H., Kim, I., 2013. Synthesis of multi-amine functionalized hydrogel for preparation of noble metal nanoparticles utilization as highly active and recyclable catalysts in reduction of nitroaromatics. RSC Advances 3, 4692. 

Wooley and coworkers utilized click chemistry to prepare block copolymer micelles and shell cross-linked nanoparticles (SCKs) presenting click-reactive functional groups on their surfaces [144,145]. Moreover, they presented the preparation of well-defined core cross-linked polymeric nanoparticles, utilizing multifunctional dendritic cross-linkers that allow for the effective stabilization of supramolecular polymer assemblies and the simultaneous introduction of reactive groups within the core domain [146]. 

Defects in arc-grown nanotubes place limitations on their utility. Since defects appear to arise predominantly due to sintering of adjacent nanotubes in the high temperature of the arc, it seemed sensible to try to reduce the extent of sintering by cooling the cathode better[2]. The most vivid assay for the extent of sintering is the oxidative heat purification treatment of Ebbesen and coworkers[7], in which amorphous carbon and shorter nanoparticles are etched away before nanotubes are substantially shortened. Since, as we proposed, most of the nanoparticle impurities orig-... 

Multi-walled CNTs (MWCNTs) are produced by arc discharge between graphite electrodes but other carbonaceous materials are always formed simultaneously. The main by-product, nanoparticles, can be removed utilizing the difference in oxidation reaction rates between CNTs and nanoparticles [9]. Then, it was reported that CNTs can be aligned by dispersion in a polymer resin matrix [10]. However, the parameters of CNTs are uncontrollable, such as the diameter, length, chirality and so on, at present. Furthermore, although the CNTs are observed like cylinders by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), some reports have pointed out the possibility of non-cylindrical structures and the existence of defects [11-14]. 

RAFT polymerization lends itself to the synthesis of polymers with thiol end groups. Several groups have utilized the property of thiols and dilhioesLers to bind heavy metals such as gold or cadmium in preparing brushes based on gold film or nanoparticles1 8 761 763 and cadmium selenide nanoparticles.763 76 1... 

The top down approach refers to physically assembling the nanoparticles into desired forms the bottom up approach utilizes specific intermolecular interactions to cause the nanomaterials to self-assemble. 

AOT, could form w/c RMs in the presence of the commercially available perfluoropentanol (F-pentanol) as a co-surfactant, and the RMs formed could provide polar micro-aqueous for highly ionic chemicals[4,5]. Herein, we present the synthesis of crystalline nanoparticles of Ag, Agl, and Ag2S (which have potential application as photoelectric and thermoelectric devices) in the polar micro-aqueous domains of the w/c RMs stabilized by the AOT/F-pentanol (AOTF) surfactant/co-solvent combination, suggesting the possibility of the commercial utilization of SCCO2 in nanomaterials synthesis. 

The primary goal of the researchers has been to produce Q-dots possessing all of the attributes of the Q-dots prepared using liquid-phase synthetic methods (that is adjustability of the nanocrystal identity and diameter and size monodispersity) and also the technological utility of Q-dots prepared by MBE (specifically, the deposition of nanocrystals with a defined orientation and an electrical output contact). It was shown that the E/C-synthesized 5-CuI and CdS Q-dots were indeed epitaxial with narrow size distribution and strong photoluminescence tunable by the particle size. Qne of the advantages of the E/C method is that it can be made size selective. The key point is that the size as well as the size dispersion of product nanoparticles are directed actually by the corresponding properties of the metal nanoparticles therefore the first deposition step assumes special importance. 

Binary systems of ruthenium sulfide or selenide nanoparticles (RujcSy, RujcSey) are considered as the state-of-the-art ORR electrocatalysts in the class of non-Chevrel amorphous transition metal chalcogenides. Notably, in contrast to pyrite-type MS2 varieties (typically RUS2) utilized in industrial catalysis as effective cathodes for the molecular oxygen reduction in acid medium, these Ru-based cluster materials exhibit a fairly robust activity even in high methanol content environments of fuel cells. 

Amines have been utilized to bind SAMs to gold surfaces and nanoparticles. Venkataraman et al. [197] found that in terms of molecular electronic junctions. 

Our first attempt of a successive reduction method was utilized to PVP-protected Au/Pd bimetallic nanoparticles [125]. An alcohol reduction of Pd ions in the presence of Au nanoparticles did not provide the bimetallic nanoparticles but the mixtures of distinct Au and Pd monometallic nanoparticles, while an alcohol reduction of Au ions in the presence of Pd nanoparticles can provide AuPd bimetallic nanoparticles. Unexpectedly, these bimetallic nanoparticles did not have a core/shell structure, which was obtained from a simultaneous reduction of the corresponding two metal ions. This difference in the structure may be derived from the redox potentials of Pd and Au ions. When Au ions are added in the solution of enough small Pd nanoparticles, some Pd atoms on the particles reduce the Au ions to Au atoms. The oxidized Pd ions are then reduced again by an alcohol to deposit on the particles. This process may form with the particles a cluster-in-cluster structure, and does not produce Pd-core/ Au-shell bimetallic nanoparticles. On the other hand, the formation of PVP-protected Pd-core/Ni-shell bimetallic nanoparticles proceeded by a successive alcohol reduction [126]. 

Surface composition and structure of bimetallic nanoparticles are crucially important for their catalytic property as well as their optical property. IR measurement of CO adsorbed on surface metals (CO-IR) is utilized for this purpose. CO is adsorbed on metals not only on-top sites but also in two-fold or three-fold sites, depending on the kinds of metals and their surface structures. The dramatical changes of wavenumber of adsorbed CO occurs depending on the binding structure [177-181]. 

On detailed electrical characteristics of a SET transistor utilizing charging effects on metal nanoclusters were reported by Sato et al. [26]. A self-assembled chain of colloidal gold nanoparticles was connected to metal electrodes, which were formed by electron-beam lithography. The cross-linking of the particles as well as their connection to the electrodes results from a linkage by bifunctional organic molecules, which present the tunnel barriers. 

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