Nanoparticle Nanotechnology Characterization

Mendoza-Resendez, R., Bomati-Miguel O., Morales, M. P., Bonville, P., and Serna C. J. (2004) Microstructural characterization of ellipsoidal iron metal nanoparticles. Nanotechnology, 15, S254-S258... 

Shrivastava, S., Bera, T., Roy, A., Singh, G., Ramachandrarao, P., Dash, D., 2007. Characterization of enhanced antibacterial effects of novel silver nanoparticles. Nanotechnology 18, 225103. 

Liu G, Han C, Pelaez M, Dunlop MSP, Byrne AJ, Diounysiou DD. Synthesis, characterization and photocatalytic evaluation of visible light activated C-doped Ti02 nanoparticles. Nanotechnology 2012 23 294003. 

Resources are available to assist entities with taking steps to identify, quantify, and manage potential risks of products to employees, consumers, and the environment. Some of these resources include the Nanoparticle Information Library maintained by NIOSH collaborations with universities and government laboratories the National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI)-mandated National Nanotechnology Characterization Centers and the International Council on Nanotechnology (ICON) Nanotech EHS Reference Database. 

The Nanotechnology Characterization Laboratory (NCL) of the National Cancer Institute (NCI) [3] has recently started publishing standards for nanomedicine and the toxicity testing of nanomaterials. The intention is to develop a set of characterisation protocols that can be used in research laboratories to assess toxicity. The testing will, as a consequence, be carried out under similar conditions, making it possible to compare different nanoparticle systems and obtain a systematic imderstanding of their in vivo and in vitro effects. 

G. Tai, G.J. Zhou and W. Guo, Inorganic salt-induced phase control and optical characterization of cadmium sulfide nanoparticles. Nanotechnology 21 (2010) 175601 doi ... 

The rapid development of nanotechnology has revolutionized scientific developments in recent decades [1]. The synthesis, characterization, and application of functionalized nanoparticles are currently a very active field of research [2], Due to the size limitation of metal nanoparticles, they show very unique properties, which are called nano-size effect or quantum-size effect , which is different from those of both bulk metals and metal atoms. Such specific properties are usually dominated by the atoms located on the surface. In nanoparticles systems, the number of atoms located on the surface of the particles increases tremendously with decreasing of the particle diameter [3]. 

The resolution of SEMs is now suitable for nano-materials characterization. High resolution SEM is a powerful instrument for imaging fine structures of materials and nanoparticles fabricated by nanotechnology. In lens SE, BSE modes, and STEM mode are often performed to check the structure of CNT growths or CNT as delivered by commercial producers, and sometimes coupled with TEM. Even the single-walled carbon nanotubes can easily be observed by HR-SEM (see Figure 3.13). The STEM mode can also be used for free CNT observation (75). 

Due to recent improvements in visualization of nanoscopic material with enhanced resolution, huge advances in the characterization technology have been widespread in all the nanotechnology disciplines, compared to just about 20 years ago. A few examples of nanoscopic materials that are less than Ipm are illustrated in Figure 1.2. Current efforts in the nanoparticle—polymer field go into very small metallic and semiconductor nanoparticles with 1—2nm diameter, and use of micron-sized fillers (e.g., layered silicates) (Polymer-Nanoparticle Composites Part 1 (Nanotechnology), 2010). 

Sarkar D., Mandal K. and Mandal M. (2011). Synthesis of Chainlike alpha-Fe203 Nanoparticles in DNA Template and Their Characterization. Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Letters, 3(2), 170-174. 

The purpose of this chapter is to present an overview of the current state of the literature regarding nanoparticles in the workplace and environment and their associated health effects as well as to provide the latest characterization techniques used to conduct airborne nanoscale particle measurement. In doing so, the advantages and disadvantages to the use of each of these characterization techniques are elucidated, while efforts are made to restrict the discussion to only those potential applications in industries utilizing nanotechnologies in their processes. 

Much like the means for determining the health impact and risks associated with exposure to nanoparticles, the research into the characterization of nanoscale particles is in its infancy. In addition, it is recogiuzed that moifitoring instrumentation used in the field requires improvement in both portability and measurement sensitivity. Table 9.1 provides a summary of nanoparticle measuranent techniques that are either currently in the developmental stages or have already been impl ented in the nanotechnology industry. The table includes the method, the metric measured and the major capabilities and limitations of each. 

There are different manufacturing processes for the production of nanostructured polymeric blends. Peponi et al. reviewed [16] bottom-up and top-down processes for nanostructured polymers and advanced polymeric-based nanocomposites. Nanostrac-tured thermoplastics blends are reported under bottom-up matrix nanocomposites whereas nanostructured thermoplastic nanocomposites are introduced under top-down approaches. Polymer nanotechnologies are characterized by top-down processes including ingredients such as polymer and nanoparticles. They are introduced... 

Harma H, Keranen AM, Lovgren T (2007) Synthesis and characterization of europium(III) nanoparticles for time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay of prostate-specific antigen. Nanotechnology 18 075604... 

Lu X, Li L, Zhang W, Wang C (2005) Preparation and characterization of Ag2S nanoparticles embedded in polymer fibre matrices by electrospinning. Nanotechnology 16 2233-2237... 

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