Nanoparticle fullerene

As we mentioned previously, the research on the field of nanomaterials is at a primitive stage and literature mainly focuses on the benefits of using such particles for environmental load reduction, waste treatment, and source pollution control, as well as the toxicological and health issues accompanying the use of such materials. As a consequence, there are still few methods developed for food matrices and even lesser monitoring schemes applied. Currently, no data have been noticed reporting the occurrence on nanomaterial residues in food and just one work has been published till now reporting the occurrence of nanoparticle (fullerenes) in real environmental samples [6]. 

Zhua S, Oberdorster E, Haascha ML (2006) Toxicity of an engineered nanoparticle (fullerene, C60) in two aquatic species, Daphnia and fathead minnow. Mar Environ Res 62 5-9... 

The coimection between carbon nanotubes and other fullerenes has been defined by the observation that the nanotubes were closed by fullerene-like caps or hemispheres. It is interesting to observe that the smallest reported carbon nanotube diameter is the same as the diameter of C60. This is important in evaluating the minimum dimension of carbon nanostructures. It is necessary to identify all types of nanoparticles and nanostructures of the fullerene family (multiwall and/or single-wall nanotubes, carbon-encapsulated metal nanoparticles, fullerene black and soot, carbon onion, nanowhiskers, etc.). For each nanostructure it is possible to define a set of physical and chemical properties and subsequent applications. It is also interesting to explore the interrelationships between the various nanostructured carbon forms, as well as their relation to the traditional forms of ordered carbon atoms such as diamond and graphite. Carbon is a unique material and can be a good metallic... 

Chapter 1 contains a review of carbon materials, and emphasizes the stmeture and chemical bonding in the various forms of carbon, including the foui" allotropes diamond, graphite, carbynes, and the fullerenes. In addition, amorphous carbon and diamond fihns, carbon nanoparticles, and engineered carbons are discussed. The most recently discovered allotrope of carbon, i.e., the fullerenes, along with carbon nanotubes, are more fully discussed in Chapter 2, where their structure-property relations are reviewed in the context of advanced technologies for carbon based materials. The synthesis, structure, and properties of the fullerenes and... 

Filled nanocapsules, as well as hollow nanoparticles, are synthesized by the dc arc-evaporation method that is commonly used to synthesize fullerenes and... 

The final section of the volume contains three complementary review articles on carbon nanoparticles. The first by Y. Saito reviews the state of knowledge about carbon cages encapsulating metal and carbide phases. The structure of onion-like graphite particles, the spherical analog of the cylindrical carbon nanotubes, is reviewed by D. Ugarte, the dominant researcher in this area. The volume concludes with a review of metal-coated fullerenes by T. P. Martin and co-workers, who pioneered studies on this topic. 

Although laser-ablation method with pure carbon as the target only gives fullerenes, SWCNT can be obtained at high yield by mixing Co-Ni into the target carbon [16]. Isolation of thus synthesized SWCNT is rather of ease since the crude product is almost free of nanoparticle and amorphous carbon [39]. Such... 

R. Tenne, Advances in the synthesis of inorganic nanotubes and fullerene-like nanoparticles. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 42 (2003) 5124. 

Mueler et al. and Gottschalk et al. [43, 44] presented a model for predicting concentrations of nanoparticles including nano-Ag, nano-Ti02, nano-ZnO, fullerenes, and carbon nanotubes (CNT) in different environmental compartments. The results of this study demonstrated that modeling is a meaningful utility to carry out quantitative risk assessment of nanoparticles. 

The following sections discuss many of the major particle types and provide bioconjugation options for the coupling of ligands to the surface of functionalized particles. Some additional nanoparticle constructs, including gold particles, dendrimers, carbon nanotubes, Buckyballs and fullerenes, and quantum dots are discussed more fully elsewhere (see Chapter 7 Chapter 9, Section 10 Chapter 15 and Chapter 24). 

III. SYNTHESIS OF INORGANIC NANOTUBES AND FULLERENE-LIKE NANOPARTICLES... 

Figure 4. Schematic representation of the growth model of the inorganic fullerene-like of MoS2 (a) WS2 (b) nested polyhedra from oxide nanoparticles (31a).

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