Fullerenes family

The main efforts are now devoted to broaden the applications of the fullerene family and its derivates (Fig. 1.1). It is evident that the interest in C60 suffers from the advent of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and many researchers involved in fullerene studies are moving toward CNT as a natural evolution of their research. 

Wang T, Chen N, Xiang J et al (2009) Russian-doll-type metal carbide endofullerene synthesis, isolation, and characterization of Sc4C2 Cgo. J Am Chem Soc 131 16646-16647 Chen N, Chaur MN, Moore C et al (2010) Synthesis of a new endohedral fullerene family, Sc2S C2n (n = 40-50) by the introduction of SO2. Chem Commun 46 4818 820... 

Similar calculations were made for the only possible isomer of C70 [11-13] that obeys the isolated pentagon rule [4, 6] and for some of the most stable isomers of the higher fullerenes [11, 14-16]. On the basis of their easily accessible LUMOs and high electron affinities, all stable members of the fullerene family were expected to display very rich cathodic electrochemistry. 

Calculated and experimentally determined values of EAs and ionization energies (IE) of selected members of the fullerene family are shown in Table 1. The magnitude of these values clearly indicates that fullerenes easily accept electrons... 

The first members of the fullerene family to be discovered were C60 and C7o-The electrochemical properties of these compounds have been well characterized. Both fullerenes show six reversible reductions and one oxidation by cyclic voltammetry.4 5 The reductions are almost equally spaced, with the first reduction occurring at — 1.0 V versus ferrocene/ferrocenium couple. Successive reductions occur approximately 400mV apart (Fig. 8.1). 

FY095] M. Fujita, M. Yoshida, and E. Osawa, Morphology of new fullerene families with negative curvature, Fullerene Science and Technology 3-1 (1995) 93-105. 

In the point orientation, concentric and radial alignments also have to be differentiated (Figure 2.27). The extreme case of concentric point orientation is found in the fullerene family. This orientation is also found in the spherical particles of carbon blacks, the diameter of which is from few tens to few hundreds of nanometers, minute hexagonal carbon layers being preferentially oriented along the surface (Figures 2.36a and 2.37a) [43], The concentric orientation of the carbon layers is more... 

Just as magic numbers have been evolved for the prediction of new fullerene families [47] and metallo-carbohedrenes [49b-d], so can similar predictions be... 

Figure 3-18. A few members of the fullerene family. Buckminsterfullerene, Ceo, is the roundest, most symmetrical large molecule found so far [35],...

Figure 1 Structures of the three main forms of carbon (a) diamond (b) a-graphite and (c) buckminsterfullerene (Ih-Cw) archetype of the fullerene family...

Melin, F., Chaur, M.N., Engmann, S. et al. (2007) The large Nd3N C2 (40 < = n < = 49) cluster fullerene family preferential templating of a Cgg cage by a trimetallic nitride cluster. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 46, 9032-9035. 

Stability within the IPR fullerene family is dependent on a balance of electronic and molecular strain factors. The carbon atoms in the fullerenes are approximately sp hybridized (although curvature of the cage causes a small admixture of sp ), with the remaining p-orbitals (mixed with... 

In this contribution we present a review on recent developments in the field of advanced clustered and polymeric carbon materials. The carbon clusters to be discussed refer to the recently discovered cage type molecules of the fullerene family rather than to a conventional aggregation of a small number of atoms. The polymeric carbon materials are carbyne like pure carbon chains grown from teflon by an internal electrochemical reduction process. ... 

Ishida H, Satake N, Jeong GH, Abe Y, Hirata T, Hatakeyama R, et al. Experimental study of fullerene-family formation using radio-frequency-discharge reactive plasmas. Thin SoUd Films 2002 407 26-31. 

Carbon is the atom of the periodic table that forms the greatest number of compounds. Pure carbon may also form large molecules and crystallize into a number of allotropic forms, such as 35, C o, and C70 from the large fullerene family, nano tubes (a tube-like form of a fullerene), graphite, and diamond. These substances have widely different conductivity properties. 

Since the report of multiwalled carbon nanotnbes (MWNTs) in 1991 by lijima, considerable research has been devoted to CNTs. CNTs, which are elongated members of the fullerene family, are classified as 1-D aUotropes of carbon. This material can be conceptualized as a seamless, cylindrical rollup of a sheet of graphene. For single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs), there exists only one outer wall MWNTs, on the other hand, consist of mnltiple, concentrically nestled walls of increasing diameter (refer to Figure 2a). SWNTs and MWNTs have diameters ranging from 0.4 to 3nm and 2 to lOOnm, respectively." The walls... 

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