Fullerene black

The thermal treatment of fullerene black generates nanometric polyhedral particles] 13]. This experiment... 

Graphite in contact with liquid potassium, rubidium or caesium at 300°C gives intercalation compounds (CgM) which ignite in air and may react explosively with water [1], Fullerene black —probably a finely divided and distorted graphite — impregnated with potassium explodes spontaneously in air [2],... 

Application of a plasma coating onto carbon black is very difficult compared to silica. It was only practically feasible for fullerene soot (left over from the fullerene production), which contains a large amount of reactive groups on its surface. Polyacetylene-plasma-treated fullerene soot provides an improved dispersion in SBR and in a SBR/EPDM blend compared to untreated fullerene black. However, the effect on the stress-strain properties is rather limited and the coating has only a slight effect on the final properties. 

Fullerene, black and shiny like graphite, is the subject of active current research because of its interesting electronic properties. When allowed to react with rubidium metal, a superconducting material called rubidium fulleride, Rb3C6o, is formed. (We ll discuss superconductors in more detail in Section 21.6.) Carbon nanotubes are being studied for use as fibers in the structural composites used to make golf clubs, bicycle frames, boats, and airplanes. On a mass basis, nanotubes are up to ten times as strong as steel. 

Kushch, S.D., Fursikov, P.V., Kuyunko, N.S., Kulikov, A.V. and Savchenko, V.I. (2001) Fullerene black relationship between catalytic activity in w-alkanes dehydrocyclization and reactivity in oxidation, bromination and hydrogenolysis. Eurasian Chemico-Technol. Journal, 3, No. 2, 131-139. 

Figure 9. Organization of carbon sheets in nanocrystalhne carbons. Case (A) represent bent sheets which are stacked concentrically and randomly. In the high-resolution TEM of fullerene black filamentous structures from carbon macrocycles which did not react to fullerene molecules can also be seen (weak contrasts). Case (B) shows the arrangement of stacks of planar graphene units. Only few of these stacks are oriented with the o-axis parallel to the electron beam and can be imaged as illustrated in the sketch, the majority are randomly orientated and give hence an amorphous contrast. Case (C) is the same as (B) with the addition of covalent bonding interactions between the stacks. These bonds are invisible by electron microscopy but influence the graph-iti/ability of the carbon.

Figure 28. Thermal desorption (heating in flowing nitrogen, heating rate 3Ks 1) of CO2 and carbon monoxide from heavily oxidized fullerene black (treated in 10% ozone, oxygen at 333 K. in water). An IMR-MS detector was used for unperturbed gas analysis and simultaneous detection of other desorption products (see text and Fig. 29). The value for the bum-off temperature is defined as the temperature where a weight loss of 3% had occurred.

The relative contributions of the different desorption processes changes with the average surface structure. Comparison of the data in Fig. 28 with those of an analogous oxidation experiment with a different carbon substrate (carbon black FW-1) shown in Fig. 29 reveals that the carbon black contains significantly more basic functional groups than the amorphous fullerene black. This can be traced back to a reduced... 

Beck, M.T., Mandy, D., Papp, S., and Dekany, I. (2004). Surface porosity of fullerene black adsorbents modified by the Diels-Alder reaction. Carbon, 42, 677-9. 

Ugarte, D., 1994, High-temperature behaviour of fullerene black . Carbon 32, 1245-1248. 

The coimection between carbon nanotubes and other fullerenes has been defined by the observation that the nanotubes were closed by fullerene-like caps or hemispheres. It is interesting to observe that the smallest reported carbon nanotube diameter is the same as the diameter of C60. This is important in evaluating the minimum dimension of carbon nanostructures. It is necessary to identify all types of nanoparticles and nanostructures of the fullerene family (multiwall and/or single-wall nanotubes, carbon-encapsulated metal nanoparticles, fullerene black and soot, carbon onion, nanowhiskers, etc.). For each nanostructure it is possible to define a set of physical and chemical properties and subsequent applications. It is also interesting to explore the interrelationships between the various nanostructured carbon forms, as well as their relation to the traditional forms of ordered carbon atoms such as diamond and graphite. Carbon is a unique material and can be a good metallic... 

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