Nanomaterials cells

Hirsch C, Roesslein M, Krug HF, Wick P (2011) Nanomaterial cell interactions are current in vitro tests reliable Nanomedicine 6(5) 837-847... 

On the other hand, numerous observations have been made of fullerenes acting as antioxidants. Actually, antioxidant behavior of fullerenes has been compared with those of vitamin C and E. This apparent contradiction underscores the need for research on nanomaterial-cell interactions and the resulting effects on metabolic processes and cell physiology as a function of dose and exposure conditions. 

There is no doubt that metallic nanoparticles that have defined sizes and shapes will become key components of a number of novel, highly sophisticated products, the prototypes of which are currently emerging from the industrial R D departments. The outlook is promising for the industrial production of defined 1.4nm metal clusters for use as single electron switches or transistors, for the cost-effective fabrication of ultrapure metallic nanomaterials needed for dye solar cells or sensors, and for the reproducible production of (particularly) efficient and durable... 

An important field of development is the batched flow production of metal nanoclusters attached to biomolecules such as DNA under GMP laboratory standards. This conjures up hopes of applying metallic nanomaterials coupled with drugs, antibodies, or with oligonucleotides for cell-specific cancer diagnosis and therapy. With the help of such nanometallic tools, it can be expected that diseases or predispositions to diseases will be diagnosed earlier with the help of nanodrugs than is possible at present. 

In studies of reactions in nanomaterials, biochemical reactions within the cell, and other systems with small length scales, it is necessary to deal with reactive dynamics on a mesoscale level that incorporates the effects of molecular fluctuations. In such systems mean field kinetic approaches may lose their validity. In this section we show how hybrid MPC-MD schemes can be generalized to treat chemical reactions. 

Herzog, E. et al. (2009) Dispersion medium modulates oxidative stress response of human lung epithelial cells upon exposure to carbon nanomaterial samples. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 236 (3), 276-281. 

Nakagawa, K. et al., Oxidized diamond as a simultaneous production medium of carbon nanomaterials and hydrogen for fuel cell, Chem. Mater., 15, 4571, 2003. 

Dose-dependent toxicity has frequently been observed in the study of nanomaterials [110-116], with increasing doses of silica nanomaterials invariably worsening their toxicity. Both, cell proliferation and viability were greatly hampered at higher doses in in vitro studies [111, 113, 116]. 

CNTs have been studied for cancer therapies despite the fact that these have been shown to accumulate to toxic levels within the organs of diverse animal models and different cell lines (Fiorito et al., 2006 Tong and Cheng, 2007). The molecular and cellular mechanisms for toxicity of carbon nanotubes have not been fully clarified. Furthermore, toxicity must be examined on the basis of multiple routes of administration (i.e., pulmonary, transdermal, ocular, oral, and intravenous) and on multiple species mammals, lower terrestrial animals, aquatic animals (both vertebrates and invertebrates), and plants (both terrestrial and aquatic). A basic set of tests for risk assessment of nanomaterials has been put forward (Nano risk framework). 

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