Naming compounds determining formula from

Ionic compounds are named using the same guidelines used for naming binary molecules, except that the cation name aiways precedes the anion name. Thus, NH4 NO3 is ammonium nitrate, Na2 CO3 is sodium carbonate, and Ca3 (P04)2 is caicium phosphate. The subscripts are not specified in these names because the fixed ionic charges determine the cation-anion ratios unambiguously. Example 3-6 reinforces these guidelines by showing how to construct chemicai formulas from chemical names. 

This overview covers some of the rules for naming simple inorganic compounds. There are additional rules, and some exceptions to these rules. The first part of this overview discusses the rules for deriving a name from a chemical formula. In many cases, the formula may be determined from the name by reversing this process. The second part examines situations in which additional information is needed to generate a formula from the name of a compound. The transition metals present some additional problems therefore, there is a section covering transition metal nomenclature and coordination compounds. 

The ability to name compounds and determine the chemical formula for a compound comes from the ability to distinguish between ionic and covalent compounds. The name of a compound depends heavily on the type of bond present between the atoms. Besides being able to identify certain types of bonds, when learning to name compounds it is best to remember the rules that apply to the type of bond in question. The rules for naming four common kinds of compounds are outlined below. 

Just as the Periodic Table of the elements has families of elements, compounds can also be divided into families. A family of materials has particular hazards associated with it. If you can recognize in which family a material belongs from the name or the formula, you should be able to determine the hazard even if you do not know anything else about the specific chemical. If you know the hazard, you know how to handle the material properly. The first family of materials we will look at is the salts (see Figure 2.52). If a metal reacts with a nonmetal, an ionic bond is formed... 

Naming compounds is a very important skill, as is the reverse process of using lUPAC nomenclature to specify a structural formula. The two processes are very similar. To obtain a formula from a name, determine the longest chain, number the chain, and add any attached groups. 

Key point. Organic compounds are classified by functional groups, which determine their chemistry. The names of organic compounds are derived from the functional group (or groups) and the main carbon chain. From the name, the structure of organic compounds can be drawn using full structural formulae,... 

The straight-chained hydrocarbon is sometimes referred to as the normal configuration. When a material is listed in a reference book, you may see a small n- in front of the name or molecular formula this indicates that it is the normal, or straight-chained, form of the compound. If the material is the isomer, or branched form, a small i will be placed in front of the molecular formula and the prefix iso in front of the name. For example, butane can be normal, which would be written as normal butane, or n-butane. The branched form of butane would be written isobutane. The molecular formula would be C4H,o or n-C4H,o for the normal, and t-C4Hio for the branched compound. Normal is not used all of the time with the normal form of the compound it is found mostly in reference books and on laboratory containers. If no prefixes appear in the name, it is understood to be the normal form. However, iso or the small i must be used to designate the branched form of the compound. Without this designation, there is no way to determine the branching from the name or the molecular formula. 

Originally, compounds containing coordination complexes were given common names such as Prussian blue (KFe[Fe (CN)g ]), which is deep blue, or Reinecke s salt (NH4[Cr (NH3)2 (NCS)4]), named for its first maker. Eventually, coordination compounds became too numerous for chemists to keep track of all the common names. To solve the nomenclature problem, the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (lUPAC) created a systematic procedure for naming coordination compounds. The following guidelines are used to determine the name of a coordination compound from its formula, or vice versa ... 

In Sec. 13.2 we will learn to determine oxidation numbers from the formulas of compounds and ions. We will learn how to assign oxidation numbers from electron dot diagrams and more quickly from a short set of rules. We use these oxidation numbers for naming the compounds or ions (Chap. 6 and Sec. 13.4) and to balance equations for oxidation-reduction reactions (Sec. 13.5). In Sec. 13.3 we will learn to predict oxidation numbers for the elements from their positions in the periodic table in order to be able to predict formulas for their compounds and ions. 

Widespread medicinal use of colloidal bismuth subcitrate (CBS) has prompted extensive studies of bismuth compounds involving the citrate anion. Bismuth citrate is essentially insoluble in water, but a dramatic increase in solubility with increasing pH has been exploited as a bio-ready source of soluble bismuth, a material referred to as CBS. Formulation of these solutions is complicated by the variability of the bismuth anion stoichiometry, the presence of potassium and/ or ammonium cations, the susceptibility of bismuth to oxygenation to Bi=0, and the incorporation of water in isolated solids. Consequently, a variety of formulas are classified in the literature as CBS. Solids isolated from various, often ill-defined combinations of bismuth citrate, citric acid, potassium hydroxide, or ammonium hydroxide have been assigned formulas on the basis of elemental analysis data or by determination of water and ammonia content, but are of low significance in the absence of complementary data other than thermal analysis (163), infrared spectroscopy (163), or NMR spectroscopy (164). In this context, the Merck index lists the chemical formula of CBS as KgfNHJaBieOafOHMCeHsCbh in the 11th edition (165), but in the most recent edition provides a less precise name, tripotassium dicitrato bismuthate (166). 

Ternary acids are usually named with the suffixes ic or ous. The exceptions are the acids derived from ions with an ide suffix (see HCN in the preceding section). These acids undergo many reactions to form salts, compounds of a metal, and the ion of an acid. The ions from the acids H2S04 and HN03 are S042, N03. If an acid name has the suffix ic, the ion of this acid has a name with the suffix ate. If an acid name has the suffix ous, the ion has a name with the suffix ite. Salts have the same suffixes as the suffixes of the ions. The difference between the acid with a suffix ic and the acid with the suffix ous can many times be determined by visual inspection of the formula. The acid with the suffix ous usually has one fewer oxygen atom than the acid with the suffix ic. Examples ... 

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