N Nervous system

COCA LEAVES, Cocae folium The drug is the dried leaf of Erythroxylon coca. Lam. or E. 

The most important ingredient of coca leaves is the alkaloid cocaine, which has local 

For the coca-chewing Indians in South America, on the other hand, the central stimulant effect is the wanted effect, whereas the local anaesthetic action is an undesired side-effect. The dried leaves (which are purchased on the local market, (see Fig. 20) are mixed with alkali (burned bones from llamas, which is called Lliptar) the mixture is kept between the teeth and cheek, without direct chewing, and the saliva is swallowed. Coca chewing gives rise to less dependence and social problems than the use of isolated cocaine in the form of inhaled cocaine hydrochloride or the smoked free-base alkaloid called Crack or Free-base . 

The introduction of cocaine as a local anaesthetic was of great importance and made possible ophthalmological operations that previously were not feasible. For instance Koller in Vienna introduced cocaine in operative ophthalmology. The chemist Willstatter elucidated the structure of cocaine in 1898 and it 

OPIUM The drug Opium is the latex from unripe capsules of Papaver somniferum L., family Papaveraceae, dried in the air. The opium poppy, Papaver somniferum L., has been known for several thousands of years as a pain-killing and narcotic remedy. (Fig. 21) It is an annual plant, 1-1.5 m in height with 

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Nerven-, nerve, neuro-. -entzundung,/. neuri. tis. -faser,/. nerve fiber, -gewebe, n. nerve tissue, -kitt, m. (Anat.) neuroglia, -kunde, -lehre, /. neurology, -masse, /. = Nerven-stoff, -reiz, m. nervous stimulus, -stoff, m. nerve substance, neural substance, -system, -werk, n. nervous system, -zelle, /. nerve cell. 

M Musculo-skeletal system N Nervous system P Antiparasitic products R Respiratory system S Sensory organs V Various... 

P-Endorphin. A peptide corresponding to the 31 C-terminal amino acids of P-LPH was first discovered in camel pituitary tissue (10). This substance is P-endorphin, which exerts a potent analgesic effect by binding to cell surface receptors in the central nervous system. The sequence of P-endorphin is well conserved across species for the first 25 N-terminal amino acids. Opiates derived from plant sources, eg, heroin, morphine, opium, etc, exert their actions by interacting with the P-endorphin receptor. On a molar basis, this peptide has approximately five times the potency of morphine. Both P-endorphin and ACTH ate cosecreted from the pituitary gland. Whereas the physiologic importance of P-endorphin release into the systemic circulation is not certain, this molecule clearly has been shown to be an important neurotransmitter within the central nervous system. Endorphin has been invaluable as a research tool, but has not been clinically useful due to the avadabihty of plant-derived opiates. 

The toxic effect depends both on lipid and blood solubility. I his will be illustrated with an example of anesthetic gases. The solubility of dinitrous oxide (N2O) in blood is very small therefore, it very quickly saturates in the blood, and its effect on the central nervous system is quick, but because N,0 is not highly lipid soluble, it does not cause deep anesthesia. Halothane and diethyl ether, in contrast, are very lipid soluble, and their solubility in the blood is also high. Thus, their saturation in the blood takes place slowly. For the same reason, the increase of tissue concentration is a slow process. On the other hand, the depression of the central nervous system may become deep, and may even cause death. During the elimination phase, the same processes occur in reverse order. N2O is rapidly eliminated whereas the elimination of halothane and diethyl ether is slow. In addition, only a small part of halothane and diethyl ether are eliminated via the lungs. They require first biotransformation and then elimination of the metabolites through the kidneys into the... 

Dacarbazine is activated by photodecomposition (chemical breakdown caused by radiant energy) and by enzymatic N-demethylation. Formation of a methyl carbonium ion results in methylation of DNA and RNA and inhibition of nucleic acid and protein synthesis. Cells in all phases of the cell cycle are susceptible to dacarbazine. The drug is not appreciably protein bound, and it does not enter the central nervous system. 

Toda N, Okamura T (2003) The pharmacology of nitric oxide in the peripheral nervous system of blood vessels. Pharmacol Rev 55 271-324... 

N euro transmitters are chemical substances called neurohormones. These are released at Hie nerve ending that facilitate the transmission of nerve impulses. The two neurohormones (neurotransmitters) of the sympathetic nervous system are epinephrine and norepinephrine Epinephrine is secreted by the adrenal medulla Norepinephrine is secreted mainly at nerve ending of sympathetic (also called adrenergic) nerve fibers (Pig. 22-2). 

Moss ML, Jin SL, MiUa ME et al (1997) Cloning of a disintegrin metalloproteinase that processes precursor tumour-necrosis factor-alpha. Nature 385 733-736 Nixon RA, Cataldo AM (2006) Lysosomal system pathways genes to neurodegeneration in Alzheimer s disease. J Alzheimers Dis 9 277-289 Noorbakhsh F, VergnoUe N, HoUenberg MD et al (2003) Proteinase-activated receptors in the nervous system. Nat Rev Neurosci 4 981-990... 

Holmes EE, Arnott N, Vanderplank P et al (2008) Intra-neural administration of fractalkine attenuates neuropathic pain-related behaviour. J Neurochem 106 640-649 Huang DR, Shi ED, Jung S et al (2006) The neuronal chemokine CX3CL 1/fractalkine selectively recruits NK cells that modify experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis within the central nervous system. EASEB J 20 896-905... 

Burnashev, N (1996) Calcium permeability of glutamate-gated channels in the central nervous system. Curr. Opin. Neurohiol. 6 311-317. 

HIRAGA Y, NAKATA N, JIN H, ITO S, SATO R, YOSHIDA A, MORI T, OZEKI M, IKEDA Y (1993) Effect of the rice bran-derived ph)itosterol cycloartenol ferulic acid ester on the central nervous system. Arzneimittel-Forschung, 43(7) 715-21. 

Sander and Burkle (31) were the first to induce tumors by feeding nitrite and amines or amides. The tumors were attributed to in vivo formation of the N-nitroso compounds, probably in the stomach. When pregnant rats were gavaged with ethylurea and nitrite, hydrocephalus and nervous system tumors were induced in the offspring. Both these effects were prevented when sodium ascorbate was gavaged together with the ethylurea (21, 32). 

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