Butyl cyanoacrylate

Despite the universal use of sutures for wound closure, there is a need to utilize adhesives instead, because of their ease of use and the reduced risk of infection. Alkyl cyanoacrylate adhesives have been studied extensively for this use, and a significant amount of research has been performed to evaluate their interaction with living tissue [40,41 J. They have been approved for external use only, because of concerns with the fact that the polymers do not readily biodegrade and can cause inflammation around the area to which it was applied. However, these concerns are reduced for -butyl cyanoacrylate, as compared to the ethyl cyanoacrylate. There is even some evidence that their use as liquid sutures actually reduces the rate of infection around the healing wound or surgical incision [42J. 

Alyautdin R, Gothier D, Petrov V, Kharkevich D, Kreuter J (1995) Analgesic activity of the hexa-peptide dalargin adsorbed on the surface of polysorbate 80-coated poly(butyl cyanoacrylate) nanoparticles. Eur J. Pharm Biopharm 41 44 48. 

Prolonged hypoglycemic effect of insulin was reported after using poly(butyl cyanoacrylate) microparticles with a mean diameter of 254.7 nm (Zhang et al. 2001). Insulin-loaded poly(butyl cyanoacrylate) microparticles were prepared by emulsion polymerization in the presence of insulin. Insulin-loaded microparticles were administered intratracheally to normal rats. The duration of glucose levels below 80% of baseline was maintained for a longer period when insulin was administered in... 

Yang, S. C., H. X. Ge, et al. (2000). Formation of positively charged poly(butyl cyanoacrylate) nanoparticles stabilized with chitosan. Colloid Polym. Sci. 278 285-292. 

Huang, C.-Y., and Lee, Y.-D. (2006), Core-shell type of nanoparticles composed of poly[( -butyl cyanoacrylate )-co-(2-octyl cyanoacrylate)] copolymers for drug delivery... 

Bootz, A., et al. (2004), Comparison of scanning electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering and analytical ultracentrifugation for the sizing of poly(butyl cyanoacrylate) nanoparticles, Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm., 57(2), 369-375. 

These same researchers [317] reported the anionic polymerization of n-butyl cyanoacrylate in macroemulsion and miniemulsion. Dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid (DBSA) was used as the surfactant. The DBSA slows the rate of interfacial anionic polymerization through reversible termination, preventing an undesirably high degree of polymerization. Polymerization in macroemulsion resulted in a much higher degree of polymerization, perhaps due to droplet polymerization where the interface is less significant. 

Many drug carriers are made of hydrophobic materials such as lipids and poly(butyl cyanoacrylate). It will be thermodynamically unstable for submicron particles made of these materials to remain dispersed in an aqueous environment such as blood circulation. Surfactants or block co-polymers are therefore routinely included in these formulations to prevent particle aggregation. Studies showed that a number of these agents, most noticeably the nonionic surfactants such as polysorbates (also known as Tweens) and Tritons and block co-polymers such as poloxamers (also known as Pluronics), may inhibit the ABC transporters [97-99]. As previously discussed, ABC transporters interact with their substrates in the lipid bilayers of the plasma membrane. Surfactants can disrupt the arrangement of the lipid bilayer expressing the transporters and subsequently inhibit their drug efflux activities [97, 100]. It... 

Zhang Y, Zhu SY, Yin LC, et al. (2008) Preparation, characterization and biocompatibility of poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(n-butyl cyanoacrylate) nanocapsules with oil core via miniemulsion polymerization. Fur Polym J 44 1654-1661... 

Ambruosi A, Khalansky AS, Yamamoto H et al (2(X)6) Biodistribution of polysorbate 80-coated doxorubicin-loaded [14C]-poly(butyl cyanoacrylate) nanoparticles after intravenous administration to gUoblastoma-bearing rats. J Drug Target 14 97-105... 

Polysorbate 80 (PS80)-coated poly(n-butyl cyanoacrylate) nanoparticles (PBCA-NP) Transient disruption of the BBB 1821... 

N-butyl cyanoacrylate is the most commonly used cerebral AVM embolic material, and is considered by some to be the most effective (Finfante and Wakhloo, 2007). While its drawbacks include tissue adhesiveness and optimization of polymerization time, the main advantage of this material is its permanency. The curative capability of n-BCA, seen both after initial embolization... 

Debrun (1997) Embolization of the nidus of brain arteriovenous malformations with n-butyl cyanoacrylate. Neurosurgery, 40, 112-121. 

Velat, G. J., Reavey-CantweU, J. F., Sistrom, C., Smullen, D., Fautheree, G. L., Whiting, J., Lewis, S. B., Mericle, R. A., Fitment, C. S. Hoh, B. L. (2008) Comparison of n-butyl cyanoacrylate and ONYX for the embolization of intracranial arteriovenous malformations analysis of fluoroscopy and procedure times. Neurosurgery, 63, ONS75-ONS82. 

If possible attempt to use an opacified embolic agent/mixture, for example n-butyl cyanoacrylate can be mixed with Ethiodol [109],... 

Kish JW, Katz MD, Marx MV, et al. (2004) N-butyl cyanoacrylate embolization for control of acute arterial hemorrhage. J Vase Interv Radiol 15 689-695... 

Yamakado K, Nakatsuka A, Tanaka N, et al. (2000) Transcatheter arterial embolization of ruptured pseudoaneurysms with coils and n-butyl cyanoacrylate. J Vase Interv Radiol 11 66-72... 

The main reason for the use of plasticizers in formulations is to increase flexibility. More extensive stu has been conducted with dioctyl phthalate, DOP, where appearance, curing time, film formation, flexibility and durability have been evaluated for n-butyl cyanoacrylates containing from 15 to 50 wt% plasticizer. When DOP was at a 35 wt% or above, no film was formed. With the plasticizer at 15 wt%, flexibility and durabihty suffered. A 20-25 wt% range has produced the best overall performance. 

M., and Kreuter, J. (2005) Molecular weights of poly(butyl cyanoacrylate) nanoparticles determined by mass specttometry and size exclusion chromatography. Eur. J. Pharmaceut. Eiopharmaceut., 60, 391-399. 

Jafar JJ, Daviss AJ, Berenstein A (1993) The effect of embolization with n-butyl cyanoacrylate prior to surgical resection of cerebral arteriovenous malformations. J Neurosurg 78 60-69... 

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