Mycelia membranes

Miconazole. Miconazole nitrate [22832-87-7] (Fig. 2), the 1-phenethyl-imidazole derivative first described in 1969, interferes at low doses with the cytochrome P-450 dependent ergosterol biosynthesis in yeasts and fungi. The result is accumulation of C-14 methylated sterols on the one hand and reduction of the ergosterol levels in the membranes on the other hand (12). Analogous to clotrimazole, this leads to a disturbance in the membranes it results in inhibition of ceU repHcation, mycelium development (in C. albicans) and finally, ceU death. High concentrations of miconazole, which may be achieved with topical use, disturb the orientation of phosphoHpids in the membranes, which produces leaks (13). 

Experiments in 500 ml Erlenmeyer flasks and Fernbach flasks contained 200 ml and 1 L of EPl and EP2 medium respectively. Inocuia added to these cultures was 2 ml of spore suspension (5.0 optical density at 540 nm) for each 100 ml EP medium. All cultures were grown at 37°C in a shaking incubator (New Brunswik Sci. Co., USA), at 200 rpm. Then 10 ml of sample were withdrawn each 24 h during fermentation and immediately filtered through Millipore membranes of 0.45 pm pore size these cell-free filtrates were used for enzymatic assays and extracellular protein determinations by the Lowry method (14). Experiments in the 14 L fermentor (Microgen Fermentor New Brunswik Sci. Co., USA) were carried with lOL of fermentation medium EP2 and inoculum added was IL of mycelium grown 24 h in... 

Figures 7 and 8 (7) Hair root of Calhma vulgaris colonized by an ericoid mycorrhizal strain. The asconiycetous fungus is a dark sterile mycelium and produces an intercellular coil, which is surrounded by the host membrane. X 15,000. (8) Detail of an orchid root cell colonized by an orchid symbiont. The basidiomycetous fungus (F) has a thick wall and is surrounded by the host membrane (H). X21.000.

The action of propamocarb is related to membrane function, causing efflux of cell constituents. Leakage ceases after the development of mycelium and can be inhibited by the addition of sterols. 

Hum. Crude material isolated from the mycelium was relatively low in proteases and in high molecular weight impurities. Supernatant provided much more raw material initially (up to 300 yg/ml by HPLC) but this F-II was high in protease activity and was contaminated with huge amounts of proteinaceous material from the medium. The experiences learned in the development of process II, namely the ability of hydroxylapatite to remove very similar impurities and the success of durapore membranes to effectively remove large amounts of high molecular weight contaminants, spurred further work on a supernatant process. 

A few reports have appeared in the literature on the use of living immobilized whole cells for producing traditional fermentation products (3,12). In this paper, our work on the immobilization of Penicillium chrysogenum ATCC 12690 in polyacrylamide gel, collagen membrane, and calcium alginate and the production of penicillin G from glucose by the immobilized mycelium are described. 

PeniciIlium chrysogenum was immobilized in collagen membrane, calcium alginate gel, and polyacrylamide gel. Penicillin production by different immobilized mycelia are compared in Table 1. The mycelium immobilized in calcium alginate gel... 

Paraformaldehyde-mediated reaction in the presence of bovine serum albumin with the surface of a Teflon membrane Glutaraldehyde cross-linking in the presence of ovalbumin onto mycelium pellets of Aspergillus species Periodate-oxidized enzyme treated with amino-organosylochrome... 

The problem of localization of the A-factor receptor is now under investigation. The radioactive sample of the A-factor is used which has been prepsured by treatment of synthetjo A-factor with thermally excited tritium atoms. The level of A-factor binding by actinomycete cells was measured after a short-term treatment of 24 hr old mycelium no. 1439 with labelled A-factor. The same amount of A-factor was found to be bound to the cell (approximately 0.18 jug of the A-factor per 1 g of dry mycelium) after the treatment of the mycelium with rather different concentrations of the A-factor and subsequent careful washing. Distribution of the bound A-factor between different cell fractions was determined after destruction of washed mycelium. The A-factor content in cytoplasm was higher than in ribosomes, membranes and envelopes. The preliminary experiments of fractionation of cytoplasmic material showed that the A-factor was bound to proteins. 

These results indicate that pyrenocine A can affect plant lipid metabolism in such a way that might contribute to increased lipid synthetic activities that must accompany the observed membrane proliferation ( ) We propose that pyrenocine A may have this role in the onion pink root disease and that the additional host membrane lipids are subsequently utilized by the advancing mycelium during pathogenesis. The precise mode of action of pyrenocine A in plant lipid metabolism remains to be determined. 

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