Mutual incompatability

Two-Phase Aqueous Extraction. Liquid—Hquid extraction usually involves an aqueous phase and an organic phase, but systems having two or more aqueous phases can also be formed from solutions of mutually incompatible polymers such as poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) or dextran. A system having as many as 18 aqueous phases in equiHbrium has been demonstrated (93). Two-phase aqueous extraction, particularly useful in purifying biological species such as proteins (qv) and enzymes, can also be carried out in combination with fermentation (qv) so that the fermentation product is extracted as it is formed (94). 

The major improvement sought in polymers in terms of their fire behaviour is reduction of flammability. For certain applications, however, reduction in smoke evolution is sought but these two aims tend to be mutually incompatible. Reduction in flammability is brought about by making the combustion process less efficient. A penalty for inefficient combustion is increased smoke production. Similarly a reduction in smoke evolution may be achieved by increasing the efficiency of any accidental combustion that is, by increasing the flammability. 

Imprecise boundaries. The basic concept of the state of a system is governed by two mutually incompatible laws, namely the Schrodinger equation for normal dynamics and the measurement process for interactions with macroscopic devices. It is not made clear where the applicability of one ends and the other begins. 

The same approach has also been used in a reaction cascade involving 4-dimethy-laminopyridine (DMAP) and an acid catalyst [35], These two catalysts are mutually incompatible as the add quenches the DMAP, but site isolation using a PDMS thimble enables the cascade to proceed successfully (Figure 5.3). 

Although the systems described here have not been used for nanoencapsulated cascade reactions, or of course, for mutually incompatible catalysts, they offer an attractive possibility for the extension of this field, especially given the availability of a wide range of protein-based nanometer-sized cages, such as chaperonins, DNA binding proteins, and the extensive class of viruses [107]. 

In addition to the aforementioned assumptions, one normally elects one of two mutually incompatible assumptions as a basis for his or her analysis. These two limiting cases are as follows. 

It is possible to produce a block copolymer by the anionic polymerisation of styrene and butadiene as depicted below. The polystyrene and polybutadiene are mutually incompatible and hence phase separate to give the morphology also depicted below ... 

Steam reforming is traditionally carried out in large fired furnaces containing many catalyst-containing tubes. There are several requirements in reforming that might normally be considered mutually incompatible ... 

We first have attempted to explain the results in the electric dipole approximation. However, the four independent solutions (obtained from different experimental configurations) to the components of jeee (Table 9.5) are mutually incompatible, and we conclude that the results cannot be explained in the electric dipole approximation. 

As a comment to the atomic dimensions concept, two rules , Vegard s andBiltz-Zen s rules, formulated for solid solutions, and to a certain extent for ordered compounds can be mentioned here. These rules, mutually incompatible, are very seldom obeyed they may however be useful either as approximations or for defining reference behaviours. The first one, Vegard s rule (1921), corresponds to an additivity rule for interatomic distances (or lattice parameters or average atomic diameters). For a solid solution (x = atomic fraction) between two components of... 

In general, MS performance should not be compromised by a static magnetic field. Many factors such as the design of ion optics, selection of interface, and type of MS analyzer should be considered with regard to the construction and configuration of the double hyphenated system. The optimum design should overcome some of the mutual incompatibilities of LC-NMR and LC-MS systems. For LC-MS, ionization propensities vary considerably depending upon solvent, ionization source type, and complex matrix effects. Most NMR analyses, however, are not affected by variations... 

Mutually Incompatible Reagents in the Same Reaction Compartment... 

Scheme 2.14 Mutually incompatible reagents in a single reaction vessel.

Considering a mixed brush made of mutually incompatible grafted chains, a novel transition to a brush characterized by a lateral composition modulation was found [73]. Even more complicated spatial structures are obtained with grafted diblock copolymers [74]. Finally, we would like to mention in passing that these static brush phenomena have interesting consequences for the dynamic properties of polymer brushes [75]. 

The drawing of sharp distinctions between these models is somewhat artificial, and many workers would argue that their services are to varying degrees informed by all these models and more. This might seem to be ideal, since it implies a flexible response based on the needs of individual clients. The problem is that these premises have certain logical corollaries which are mutually incompatible, for example ... 

Since a herbal combination has obvious advantages in treatment, the relationships between the herbs used in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) have been carefully studied and certain types of relationship are identified. They are called the seven relations between herbs, e.g. mutual accentuation, mutual enhancement, mutual counteraction, mutual suppression, mutual antagonism, mutual incompatibility and single effect. Some of these are very useful in treatment, but some are harmful and therefore must be avoided. 

Of the above seven types of relationship, those of mutual accentuation and mutual enhancement are commonly used in treatment mutual counteraction and mutual suppression can also be used, especially to reduce herbs side effects or toxicity. The single herb effect is only used in a limited number of disorders relations of mutual antagonism and mutual incompatibility should be avoided in treatment. 

Two-Phase Aqueous Extraction. Liquid-liquid extraction usually involves an aqueous phase and an organic phase, but systems having two or more aqueous phases can also be formed from solutions of mutually incompatible polymers such as poly(eihylene glycol) (PEG) or dexlran. 

The viscosity of emulsions obtained from two mutually incompatible polymers dissolved in a common solvent was studied by a falling ball viscometer, a cone-plate viscometer, and a capillary viscometer. The two polymers are polyacrylonitrile and polyurethane, and the solvent is N-methyl-pyrrolidone. The measurements are compared with theory, and a model is proposed for the development of a stationary pressure flow of an emulsion in a capillary. 

Compounds like 88 (Fig. 25a), in which the Rp-segments are decoupled from the rod-like core by longer aliphatic spacers, can be regarded as polyphilic ABC molecules which are expected to lead to triply segregated smectic phases as shown in Fig. 19c. However, in compound 88, for example, the SmA-phase is composed of only two sets of distinct sublayers, though there are three mutually incompatible... 

In their LC phases these T-shaped block molecules, bearing three types of mutually incompatible groups, were found to form many different types of fluid self... 

Extrapolation of these results to the real world suggests that the simultaneous use of PPO/phenolics and proteinase inhibitors as bases of resistance against certain insects may be mutually incompatible. If one were to rely on proteinase inhibitors as a basis, the elimination of high levels of polyphenol oxidase in the plant would not guarantee antibiotic activity because high levels of dietary protein can abolish PI toxicity (89) Hence, the activity of PI, PPO and phenolics in situ may require the manipulation of multiple plant factors. 

The best example within chemistry so far has been the Crystallographic Interchange Format (CIF) (Hall et al. 1991) developed by the International Union of Crystallography as described above. No such similar standard exists for other machine-based techniques such as NMR, with the different instrument manufacturers having their own mutually incompatible ways of specifying pulse sequences and experimental conditions. 

In crystals, hydrogen-bond structures are sometimes found where two half-hydrogen atoms are located approximately along the lines of centers, (X, A) - - -H -i-H - (A, X), with yH - H separations of about 1.0 A. This distance is considerably shorter than the 2.4 A expected for a van der Waals H H separation, and requires the two H atoms to be in mutually incompatible positions, corresponding to a time- or space-averaged equilibrium, and that X and A be the same atom type... 

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