Experimental configurations

Raman scattering (section Bl. 3) is a notably weak process. In most experimental configurations no more than one )10... 

The path length is set by the experimental configuration while a is known for each transition (such as OO O J—> OO l, J 1 or OO l J—> 00 2, J 1). Thus, a measurement of zi///provides the partial pressure P of molecules produced in probed states such as OO O Jor 00 1 J. (Strictly, optical probing measures the difference in the partial pressures between the upper and lower states of the probed transition however, in practice, the lower state population is always much larger than the upper state population so that the probe senses only the lower state population in the experiment.)... 

Turbulent flame speed, unlike laminar flame speed, is dependent on the flow field and on both the mean and turbulence characteristics of the flow, which can in turn depend on the experimental configuration. Nonstationary spherical turbulent flames, generated through a grid, have flame speeds of the order of or less than the laminar flame speed. This turbulent flame speed tends to increase proportionally to the intensity of the turbulence. 

Figure 3.6. Experimental configuration for introducing simultaneous compression and shear waves in a specimen.

Figure 3.12. Experimental configuration and velocity profiles demonstrating the use of VISAR interferometric techniques in pressure-shear instrumentation to determine in-plane shear motion as well as longitudinal (P-wave) motion (Chhabildas and Swegle, 1980).

Figure 4.25. Experimental configuration for optical pyrometry of shock temperatures induced in transparent minerals. Upon impact of projectile with driver plate, a shock wave is driven into the driver plate and then into the sample. Optical radiation from the sample is detected via six lens/interference filter channels and an array of six photodiodes. Signals from photodiode circuits are recorded on oscilloscopes operating in single sweep model. (After Ahrens et al. (1982).)...

In many applications and experimental configurations leading to dynamic fracture and fragmentation of a body, it is convenient to characterize the motion of the event through a single strain-rate parameter L When the re-... 

Figure 1 Scatterometer arrangement, illustrating the geometry (a) and the experimental configuration (b).

Gun propellant and compressed gas are the most widely used energy sources. In single-stage, compressed-gas systems velocities can be achieved from perhaps 30 ms to 1.5 kms These compressed-gas gun systems are the most widely used as they are quite safe and can be incorporated into typical university and industrial laboratories. A typical compressed-gas gun experimental configuration is shown in Fig. 3.5. 

Fig. 17.5. Experimental configuration for integrated bead milling and fluidised bed adsorption 1. Feedstock 2. peristaltic pump 3. bead mill 4. flow through/waste 5. fluidised bed contactor 6. elution buffer 7. fraction collector/ waste 8. loading buffer.

Fig. 17.6. Experimental configuration for the integrated, primary purification of intracellular proteins from unclarified disruptates. Panel A configuration employed for the purification of G3PDH from baker s yeast. Elution was performed in packed bed mode under reversed flow. Panel B configuration for loading, wash and elution in fluidised bed mode (employed for the purification of L-asparaginase from Erwinia chrysanthemi).

A third experimental configuration was proposed by Kolb and Hansen40 emersed electrodes. If an electrode is emersed from a solution while the control of the potential is maintained, the solvent layer dragged off with the metal (Fig. 3) would reproduce UHV conditions, but with potential control and at room temperature, as in the actual electrode situation. This appears to be the most convenient configuration for measuring 0. However, there are doubts that the solvent layer retains the properties of a bulk phase. It has in fact been demonstrated41 that a contact potential difference exists between an electrode in the emersed state and the same electrode regularly immersed in solution. 

Before presenting the results for global quenching of flame by turbulence, it is essential to first describe and identify the accessible domain of our experimental configuration, limited by the maximum/= 170 Hz on a Ka- plot. 

Figure 16.9 (a) Schematic drawing of the experimental configuration, (b) Potential profile and wetting distribution on the substrate under the biased condition. 

In fact, this last configuration (a sonochemical cell where the electrodes and the ultrasound transducer tip are directly dipped into the working solution) is the most used experimental configuration [38], see Fig. 4.2a, which we will name electrode-apart-transducer configuration. The relative orientation between the transducer tip and electrode surfaces has been taken into account when the electrode is placed so... 

To do this, the tower is therefore connected, through a 25 cm copper bar passing through the mixing chamber, to a stainless steel spring fixed at the 50 mK plate. This experimental configuration has appreciably reduced the mechanical noise on the detectors... 

Figure 5 CE-CL system as proposed by Grayeski s group, (a) Experimental configuration. The hydrogen peroxide is introduced by pump 1 and pump 2 provides base, (b) Cross-sectional scheme of the CL detection interface. (From Ref. 79, with permission.)...

We first have attempted to explain the results in the electric dipole approximation. However, the four independent solutions (obtained from different experimental configurations) to the components of jeee (Table 9.5) are mutually incompatible, and we conclude that the results cannot be explained in the electric dipole approximation. 

Fig. 14.3 Experimental configuration A DFB periodically scans across a small wavelength region. The relative wavelength of the resonance mode is identified by intensity dips on a photodetector at the output of the excitation waveguide...

A. G. Marshall and C. L. Hendrickson. Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Detection Principles and Experimental Configurations. Int. J. Mass Spectrom., 215(2002) 59-75. 

FIGURE 3.1 Experimental configuration for the determination of H2—02 explosion limits. 

The various experimental configurations used for flame speeds may be classified under the following headings ... 

Now it is important to stress that, whereas the laminar flame speed is a unique thermochemical property of a fuel-oxidizer mixture ratio, a turbulent flame speed is a function not only of the fuel-oxidizer mixture ratio, but also of the flow characteristics and experimental configuration. Thus, one encounters great difficulty in correlating the experimental data of various investigators. In a sense, there is no flame speed in a turbulent stream. Essentially, as a flow field is made turbulent for a given experimental configuration, the mass consumption rate (and hence the rate of energy release) of the fuel-oxidizer mixture increases. Therefore, some researchers have found it convenient to define a turbulent flame speed, S T as the mean mass flux per unit area (in a... 

The extent to which a detonation will propagate from one experimental configuration into another determines the dynamic parameter called critical tube diameter. It has been found that if a planar detonation wave propagating in a circular tube emerges suddenly into an unconfined volume containing the same mixture, the planar wave will transform into a spherical wave if the tube diameter d exceeds a certain critical value dc (i.e., d > dc). II d < d.. the expansion waves will decouple the reaction zone from the shock, and a spherical deflagration wave results [6],... 

FIGURE 6.4 Various counterflow diffusion flame experimental configurations. 

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