Mutator system

Research on radiation-induced recessive lethal mutations — the predominant type of radiation-induced mutation — and dominant mutation systems (Sankaranarayanan 1991c)... 

Bootman, J., G.Hodson-Walker, and J.M.Lloyd. 1988b. CFC141b Investigation of mutagenic activity at the HGPRT locus in a Chinese hamster V79 cell mutation system. 88/ PSV005/257, Life Science Research Laboratory, EYE, Suffolk, England (Cited in ECETOC 1994). 

Gene mutation in cultured mammalian cells such as Chinese Hamster V79 cell/HGPRT mutation system. 

Skin sensitization Ames test To determine the potential to induce skin sensitization reactions To evaluate potential mutagenic activity in a bacterial reverse mutation system with and without metabolic activation... 

The test is used to detect forward and reverse gene mutation in Aspergillus nidulans, a eukaryotic fungus. These mutations are detected by changes in colonial morphology or nutritional requirements in treated populations. The methionine and 2-thioxanthine forward mutation systems can be used to detect mutations in Aspergillus nidulans. 

Laboratory diagnosis of medium-chain acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency by the amplification refractory mutation system. 

Loprieno, N. (1981) Screening of coded carcinogcnic-noncarcinogcnic chemicals by a forward-mutation system with the yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. hi de Serres, F.J. Ashby, J., eds, Progress in Mutation Research, Vol. 1, Evaluation of Short-Term Tests for Carcinogens. Report of the International Collaborative Program, Amsterdam, Elsevier/North-Holland, pp. 424—433... 

Loprieno. N. (1981) Screening of coded carcinogenic/noncarcinogenic chemicals by a forward-mutation system with the yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. In de Serres, F.J. Ashby,... 

A second forward-mutation system consists of mutating normal strains and detecting mutants that form a red pigment owing to defects in the ade6 or ade7 locus. Like strain PI described above, the radio-198 marker can be incorporated in the strain.258... 

A report being prepared by Brockman et al.1 2 will describe and evaluate the N. crassa test systems that detect gene and genomic mutations. The most extensively used N. crassa test system is the forward-mutation system developed by de Serres and co-workers.93 In this system,... 

Mailing, H.V., and L.R. Valcovic. A biochemical specific locus mutation system in mice. Arch. 

As a consequence of 1 and/or 2, the average excess production is no longer a nondecreasing function of time. Optimization of the average excess production may still occur, but then it is restricted to certain choices of initial conditions (Appendix 5). Jones [19] derived a more complicated function e(t) shown in Appendix 5 that represents a universal optimization criterion in the replication-mutation system, but the physical meaning of this Lyapunov function is unclear. 

The most widely used genetic screening technique, PCR-RFLP detects a mutation at a specific restriction endonuclease cleavage site at the mutation locus [9], The products from other techniques such as ARMS (amplification refractory mutation system), SSCP (single-strand conformational polymorphism), HPA (heteroduplex polymorphism), and CDCE (constant denaturant capillary electrophoresis) and PCR are usually separable using polymer networks. 

In Subheading 5. a few genotypic tests will be described. Using phenotypic assays, clinical isolates that display various levels of resistance to particular drugs have been identified. Often the researcher wants to know what mutations are responsible for this phenotypic resistance, in an attempt to understand and possibly to anticipate the development of the resistance. Because present-day clinical anti-HIV drugs are RT or protease inhibitors, sequencing protocols for clinical HIV-1 RT and protease genes will be described. Once researchers have established a stable relationship between resistance and particular mutations, tests that identify specific mutations may be very valuable and much faster than any other method. In this respect, the protocol for two amplification refractory mutation systems (ARMS) will be described, which use mutation-specific PCRs. Other useful assays are the point mutation assay (10) and LiPA (see also Chapter 10). 

The amplification refractory mutation system (ARMS) is a technique in which the target DNA is amplified using a common primer and either mutation specific primer for P-thalassemia or the correct sequence primer to the target. 

SSCP, single-strand conformation polymorphism PNA-LNA, peptide nucleic acid-locked nucleic acid MALDI-TOF MS, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry ARMS, amplified refractory mutation system dHPLC, denaturing high performance liquid chromatography. 

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