Teratogenic and mutagenic effect

Although PUVA therapy should not be begun during pregnancy or lactation, the theoretical mutagenic and teratogenic effect of PUVA does not carry any significant risk of abnormal delivery (42,43). 

Plant tests of antimitotic activity of pesticides, which is associated with carcinogenic, mutagenic and teratogenic effects, with zineb showed no antimitotic activity [51]. 

Elinder C-G (1984) Carcinogenic, mutagenic and teratogenic effects of cobalt. Plenary Lecture. In Workshop on Carcinogenic and/or Mutagenic Metal Compounds, Geneva. J Toxicol Environ Chem 7 251-256. 

Selypes a, Nagymajtenyi L and Berencsi G (1984) Study of the mutagenic and teratogenic effect of aerogenic mercury exposition in mouse. Collect Med Leg Toxicol Med 125 65-69. 

HUMAN HEALTH RISKS Acute Risks irritation of eyes and skin nausea diarrhea dysphagia gastrointestinal distress vomiting ventricular fibrillation Chronic Risks liver and kidney damage convulsions stiffness of extremities ataxia paralysis coma muscular weakness mutagenic and teratogenic effects. 

The bacteria-reversed mutation test is another method to investigate the mutagenic and teratogenic effect of chemicals. This uses numerous amino acid-dependent strains of Salmonella enterica (formerly S. typhimurium). The histidine-dependent strain of S. enterica has artificially induced point mutations. The test is carried out in a histidine-deficient bacterial medium. The histidine-independent bacterial... 

Table 4.1.2.1 lists several types of acute toxicants and examples of each. You will find that some acute toxicants fall neatly into one type, but you will find many that exhibit more than one type of toxicity and have multiple hazardous properties. For example, phenol is moderately toxic (with an LD50, mouse, oral, of 270 mg/kg), is an eye and skin irritant, exhibits mutagenic and teratogenic effects, affects the central nervous system, is corrosive (even as a solid), and is flammable ... 

This substance is very toxic to mammals, and it also possesses carcinogenic, mutagenic, and teratogenic effects. The use of 2,4-D and its derivatives also has been restricted because of drift of the herbicide to nontreated areas resulting from its appreciable volatility at application temperatures. 

U.S. EPA may list a waste as hazardous for any and all of the above reasons. The majority of listed wastes fall into the toxic waste category. To decide if a waste should be a toxic listed waste, U.S. EPA first determines whether it typically contains harmful chemical constituents. An appendix to RCRA contains a list of chemical compounds or elements that scientific studies have shown to have toxic, carcinogenic, mutagenic, or teratogenic effects on humans or other life forms. If a waste contains chemical constituents found on the appendix list, U.S. EPA then evaluates 11 other factors to determine if the wastestream is likely to pose a threat in the absence of special restrictions on its handling. These additional considerations include a risk assessment and study of past cases of damage caused by the waste. 

Couch, J.A., W.P. Schoor, W. Davis, and L. Courtney. 1983. Effects of Carcinogens, Mutagens, and Teratogens on Nonhuman Species (Aquatic Animals). U.S. Environ. Protection Agency Rep. 600/9-83-005. 46 pp. 

EHC monographs examine the physical and chemical properties and analytical methods sources of environmental and industrial exposure and environmental transport kinetics and meta-bohsm including absorption, distribution, transformation, and elimination short- and long-term effects on animals, carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, and teratogenicity and finally, an evaluation of risks for human health and the effects on the environment. 

Because of the mutagenic and teratogenic potential of ganciclovir, advise women of childbearing potential to use effective contraception during treatment. Similarly, P.1034... 

CR, a mild lacrimatory Irritant, manifests less acute toxicity than CN and CS. At low doses, it causes transient effects. There are a few studies on long-term health effects, including potential mutagenicity and teratogenicity. The available data are insufficient to predict long-term health effects. The small number of exposures and the small number of subjects exposed to CR at low doses at Edgewood make the occurrence of demonstrable effects In these subjects unlikely. 

Luxabendazole is a novel broad-spectrum benzimidazole for use in sheep against nematodes, cestodes, and trematodes at dosages of 7.5-10 mg/kg bw. Luxabendazole has no mutagenic or teratogenic effects. 

Appendix VIII of 40 CFR 261.11 identifies the universe of hazardous constituents of concern and is used by the EPA primarily to identify wastes that should be considered for listing. It consists of chemicals that have toxic, carcinogenic, mutagenic, or teratogenic effects on humans or other life forms. 

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