Mussel incubation

Fig. 3. Mean concentrations of 236CYMS in mussels incubated in August 1986 at seven stations of the Kymijoki basin, Finland [32], MAT is reference station 40 km upstream of the first bleaching pulp mill in Aanekoski. Stations KUU, TOR, and KAR are 18,40, and 75 km downstream. LEH is 15 km downstream from another mill, where bleaching was stopped in 1981. PIL and HIR are stations of the Kymijoki River (outflow from the Lake Paijanne) upstream and downstream from additional large pulp milL Places of discharge are indicated as arrows...

Fig. 4. Trend of the mean contents of 236CYMS in mussels incubated at station KUU in successive years 1985-1992 [33, 35]...

The compounds were proposed to be dichloro C6-polychlorodibenzo-furans [46]. Similar observations from pulp mill samples were done by Kuehl et al. [47]. They suggested the structures of these compounds to be chlorinated xanthenes and xanthones. Buser et al. reported the occurrence of methyl-, polymethyl-, and alkyldibenzofurans in pulp mill sludge and sediments [48], Later, C5-PCBBs were detected as three dichloro and four trichloro congeners in pulp mill effluents, recipient sediment, and mussels incubated in recipient water [49]. Mass spectra of these congeners ruled out the structure of alkyl polychlorodibenzofurans and supported chlorinated alkyl bibenzyls instead, which was verified by model compound syntheses of the both structure types [50-52]. 

Mussels incubated in pulp mill recipient watercourses of the Kymijoki River Basin in 1986-1990 collected 8.5-34.8 ng g1 lw C5-PCBB congeners [43], and 20-89 ng g 1 lw chlororetenes (C4-PCPHs) [38]. In Kymijoki River recipient fish, an average C5-PCBBs content of 1.33 ng g 1 lw has been measured [38]. 

PCDEs have been detected in mussels (Anodonta piscinalis) incubated in the Kymijoki River contaminated by chlorophenol formulation Ky-5 [125]. The average content of PCDEs was 5.5 ng g 1 lipid weight (lw) in mussels incubated near the earlier manufacturing site of Ky-5 in 1995. The following PCDEs, which... 

Several modifications of incubation conditions have neither stabilized the system nor enhanced activity. Acetone and methanol have been used as substrate carriers without affecting activity. Similarly, addition of NADH to the incubation media did not effect epoxidation. The enzymatic nature of the system has been confirmed by use of heat treated homogenates (100 C, 1 min). Incubation temperatures of 8, 20, and 30 resulted in progressively greater epoxidation rates and provided no evidence of heat lability. Thus, at this time it is not possible to identify a superior enzyme source for comparative studies in spite of the fact that in vivo measurements indicate oxidative metabolic activity in living mussels. 

When the homogenates of toxic scallops were incubated, other drastic changes in the toxin profile were observed (10) proportionally gonyautoxin-I - IV and neosaxitoxin decreased and saxitoxin increased. In another instance, the analysis of Mytilus exposed to the 1980 red tide at Sonoma County, California, showed the almost exclusive presence of neosaxitoxin in mussels collected just after the red tide and a gradual increase of saxitoxin (Krueger, Meyer and Shimizu, unpublished). These observations suggested the possible... 

Macoma balthica (F) Mussels sp. ingest single cells laboratory incubation Kamermans (1994)... 

Fig. 5. PCDE congener profiles in Ky-5 compared to sediment (KRSE2 [33]) and pike (KRP2 [33]) collected from the Kymijoki River in 1993 and mussels [125] incubated in the Kymijoki River in 1995...

In the following summers, we studied similar epidemiological outbreaks that, after an incubation period of a few hours, presented as diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain, without fever. This was associated to the consumption of steamed mussels. Patients would recover in 2 or 3 days. We contacted Dr. Kat and implemented the test she was developing in rats. The test gave inadequate results. This was probably due to methodological problems. 

Gastroenteritis associated with a clinical picture of no fever, mussel ingestion, and a short incubation period point toward diagnosis of DSP, even more so if there is a DSP toxic red tide at the time. 

Yessotoxin also potentiated the calcium uptake induced in lymphocytes exposed to maitotoxin, although in this case, the effect was insensitive to SKF 96365 [48]. In the presence of extracellular calcium, but not in its absence, yessotoxin decreased cellular levels of adenosine 3, 5 -cyclic monophosphate, owing to activation of phosphodiesterases [38]. hi isolated mitochondria, yessotoxin opened the permeability transition pore, a voltage-dependent calcium channel, at concentrations between 10 and 10 M. Again, this effect required the presence of calcium in the incubation medium [49]. In the presence of the chemotactic tripeptide A-formyl-Meth-Leu-Phe, yessotoxin increased the motihty of mussel immunocytes, an effect that was again inhibited by verapamil [50]. 

Pectenotoxin Profiles after the Incubation of Pectenotoxin-2 with Greenshell Mussel (P. canaliculus) Extracts... 

FIGURE 16.5 Conversion of PTX2 and PTXll versus time during incubation with homogenized mussel hepatopancreas. 

Mutagenic chemicals have been detected in the tissues of M. edulis and other molluscs from the field using a variety of microbial, yeast and mammalian cell assay systems (Parry et al. 1976, 1981 Parry and Al-Mossawi 1979 Dixon et al. 1982 Kadhim and Parry 1984 Parry 1985). Significant mutagenic activity was found in mussels from sites associated with pollution, whereas mussels from other sites had little or no mutagenic activity. Mutagenic activity was lower in tissues extracted with chloroform/methanol than in those extracted with concentrated nitric acid, and whereas incubation with rat liver microsomes increased the mutagenic activity in both types of tissue extract, incubation with mussel microsomes only increased it in... 

Fig. 12 (a) Mussel-inspired templating synthesis of noble metal nanostructures on the electrospun PVA-g-ct nanofibers, (b) SEM images of PVA nanofibers after incubation with a 0.2 mM AgNOa in methanol for 40 min. (c, d) SEM images of PVA-g-ct nanofibers after incubation in the same solution for (c) 20 and (d) 40 min. Adapted with pmnission from [108]. Copyright (2012)... 

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