Muscles joint actions

WARNING Anaphylactic Rxns w/ use use only if oral Fe not possible administer where resuscitation techniques available Uses Fe deficiency when cannot supl PO Action Fe supl Dose Adul. Iron defic anemia Estimate Fe deficiency, give 25-100 mg IM/IV /d until total dose total dose (mL) = [-.0442 x (desired Hgb - observed Hgb) x LBW] + (0.26 x LBW) Iron replacement, blood loss Total dose (mg) = blood loss (mL) x Hct (as decimal fraction) max 100 mg/d Peds >4 mo. As for adults max 0.5 mL (wt <5 kg), 1 mL (5-10 kg), 2 mL (>10 kg) p dose IM or direct IV Caution [C, M] Contra Anemia w/o Fe deficiency. Disp Inj SE Anaphylaxis, flushing, dizziness, inj site inf Rxns, metallic taste Interactions X Effects W/ chloramphenicol, X absorption of oral Fe EMS Anaphylactic Rxns common taking oral Fe t risk of tox and SEs OD May cause N/V, HA, muscle/joint pain and fev symptomatic and supportive Iron Sucrose (Venofer) [Iron Supplement] Uses Fe deficiency anemia w/ chronic HD in those receiving erythropoietin Actions Fe r lacement. Dose 5 mL (100 mg) IV on dialysis, 1 mL (20 mg)/min max Caution [C, M] Contra Anemia w/o Fe deficiency Disp Inj SE Anaphylaxis, -1- BP, cramps, N/V/D, HA Interactions i Absorption OF oral Fe supls EMS See Iron Dextran OD See Iron Dextran... 

Solanaceae). The active principle is capsaicin. Both capsicum resin and capsaicin are incorporated into medicines with COUNTER-IRRITANT (rubefacient or topical analgesic) actions, and when rubbed into the skin cause a feeling of warmth and that offsets the pain from underlying muscles, joints or internal organs. 

There are many types of steroid hormones in the body, such as the sex/gonadal hormones testosterone and estrogen, thyroid hormones, growth hormones, and stress hormones, which serve various normal functions. One type of steroid— corticosteroids or glucocorticoids—is secreted by the adrenal glands (located just above the kidneys). These steroids, particularly synthetic versions of them, have powerful antiinflammatory actions that help to relieve pain. They are often given as an epidural injection to relieve neck or back pain that results from a compressed or pinched nerve. They can also be injected directly into a joint to relieve pain caused by inflammation in conditions such as tendonitis (inflammation of the tendons), carpal tunnel syndrome, tennis elbow, bursitis (inflammation of sac-like cavities in tendons or muscles that allow them to slide easily over bone), or other joint pain. Professional athletes, who routinely experience one or more of these conditions, are often given local steroid injections. Frequently, the steroid is combined with a local anesthetic such as lidocaine. 

Positioning and movement of the knee Joint are accomplished by two muscles that have opposite actions Contraction of the quadriceps muscle straightens the leg, whereas contraction of the biceps muscle bends the leg. The knee-jerk response, a sudden extension of the leg, is stimulated by a blow just below the kneecap. The blow directly stimulates sensory neurons (blue) located in the tendon of the quadriceps muscle. The axon of each sensory neuron extends from the tendon to its cell body in a dorsal root ganglion. The sensory axon then continues to the... 

In general, such electrical activity and the associated impulse traffic to the motor functions are affected not only by the chemical environment of the neurons in the central respiratory centers but also by reflex influences and voluntary drives. The principal afferent activity arises from stretch receptors in the lungs and aortic and carotid chemo- and baro-receptors. Other afferent stimuli to the respiratory centers include the protective reflexes —e.g., coughing, sneezing, and other related actions— and reflexes from the joints, muscles, and tissues of the chest wall. Voluntary and emotional influences stem from neuronal activity in the cerebral hemispheres. 

Substance P is another neurotransmitter peptide with potent vasodilator action on arterioles. However, substance P is a potent stimulant of veins and of intestinal and airway smooth muscle. The peptide may also function as a local hormone in the gastrointestinal tract. Highest concentrations of substance P are found in those parts of the nervous system that contain neurons subserving pain. At the present time, there are no clinical applications for substance P or its antagonists. However, capsaicin, the hot component of chili peppers, releases substance P from its stores in nerve endings and depletes the peptide. Capsaicin has been approved for topical use on arthritic joints and for postherpetic neuralgia. 

If ketamine is used as the sole anesthetic in the attempted reduction of a dislocated shoulder joint, its actions will include (A) Analgesia Bradycardia Hypotension Muscle rigidity Respiratory depression... 

It is considered to be relatively safer drug in the doses recommended for analgesia. Hence, it may be administered in intermittent periods, not exceeding a few days in any circumstances. The analgesic effect is quite selective for pharmacological action(s) ranging from simple headache to the pain associated with many muscles and joints. 

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