Muscle phospholipids

Harris and Lindsay (3) reported that panelists were able to detect off-flavors in reheated fried chicken after 2 hr of refrigeration. The high concentration of polyunsaturated fatty adds in muscle phospholipids supplies readily oxidizable lipids, and these components play an important role in the development of WOF (4, 5). The rising demand for precooked convenience foods has increased the importance of controlling WOF. 

F7. Furukawa, Y., Yano, I., Fukuama, K., and Tani, J., Analysis of skeletal muscle phospholipids in mice with muscular dystrophy. Proc. Symp. Chem. Physiol. Pathol. 9, 68-73 (1969). 

Borkman, M. L.ff. Storlien Dj. Pan A.B. Jenkins D.J. Chisholm L.V. Campbell. The relation between insulin sensitivity and the fatty-acid composition of skeletal-muscle phospholipids. N. Engl J. Med. 1993. 328, 238-244. 

Meynier, A., Genot, C., and Gandemer, G. 1999. Oxidation of muscle phospholipids in relation to their fatty acid composition with emphasis on volatile compounds, J. Sci Food Agric., 79(6), 797. 

As shown in a Swedish cohort of healthy 50-year-old men with 20 years follow-up, proportion of 14 0 and 16 0 in serum cholesterol esters predicted the development of metabolic syndrome, independently of other metabolic and lifestyle factors [105]. Besides serum lipids, proportion of PA in adipose tissue is also related to insulin sensitivity. Unlikely 14 0 and 18 0, which were positively associated with insulin sensitivity, PA inversely correlated with insulin sensitivity in 59 healthy British men and women [134]. Since the authors excluded the effect of dietary intake for any of these SFA, they concluded that the reason is de novo lipogenesis in adipose tissue. In human skeletal muscle phospholipids, SFA [135,135] and especially PA [137] have been negatively associated with insulin sensitivity and Type 2 diabetes, [138] which could partly reflect dietary intake [139], In a Finnish cohort study of 4 years follow-up, impaired fasting glucose and Type 2 diabetes incidence were associated with serum nonesterified 16 0 levels, but were not associated with baseline dietary 16 0 intakes assessed from dietary records [140], Recently published prospective follow-up study showed that erythrocyte membrane fatty acids nominaly predict incident type 2 diabetes [141], In the American Atherosclerosis Risk in Commimities (ARIC) study, 2909 middle-aged men and women were followed for 9 years. The incidence of Type 2 diabetes was associated with total SFA levels of plasma cholesterol esters (also observed for 16 0 independently) and phospolipids (also for 16 0 and 18 0) [101]. In a more recent 4-year case-... 

Vessby B, Tengblad S, Lithell H. Insulin sensitivity is related to the fatty acid composition of serum lipids and skeletal muscle phospholipids in 70-year-old men. 

Storlien, L.H. Jenkins, A.B. Chisholm, D.J. Paseoe, W.S. Khouri, S. Kraegen, E.W. Influenee of dietary fat on development of insulin resistance in rats Relationship to musele triglyeeride and n-3 fatty acids in muscle phospholipid. Diabetes 1991, 40, 280-289. 

Prostaglandins are a group of lipid autacoids known as eicosanoids. They are produced from membrane phospholipids and found in almost every tissue and body fluid. They are involved in a number of physiological processes including inflammation, smooth muscle tone and gastrointestinal secretion. In the central nervous system they have been reported to produce both excitation and inhibition of neuronal activity. 

These compounds constimte as much as 10% of the phospholipids of brain and muscle. StmcmraUy, the plasmalogens resemble phosphatidylethanolamine but possess an ether link on the sn- carbon instead of the ester link found in acylglycerols. Typically, the alkyl radical is an unsamrated alcohol (Figure 14-10). In some instances, choline, serine, or inositol may be sub-stimted for ethanolamine. 

The lipid in muscle is composed primarily of triglycerides (depot fats) and of phospholipids (membrane components), and is a constituent which varies enormously not only in amount present, but also in properties such as degree of saturation (species dependent). The ash of lean meat is comprised of various minerals such as phosphorus, potassium, sodium, magnesium, calcium, iron and zinc Carbohydrate was not noted in the proximate composition because while some may be present, it is normally there in low concentration compared to the other constituents. Glycogen is the carbohydrate occurring in greatest concentration in muscle but is normally degraded soon after the animal is sacrificed. 

Mosquitofish, Gambusia affinis, adults, muscle 18,000 After 24 h, Zn increased from 82 to 134 pg/kg FW significant increases in glycogen, total lipids, phospholipids, and cholesterol decreases in RNAand proteins 59... 

Dubey RK, Tyurina YY, Tyurin VA, Gillespie DG, Branch RA, Jackson EK, Kagan VE (1999) Estrogen and tamoxifen metabolites protect smooth muscle cell membrane phospholipids against peroxidation and inhibit cell growth. Circ Res 84 229-239... 

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