Multitrophism

Mayer R T, Inbar M, McKenzie C L, Shatters R and Borowicz V (2002), Multitrophic interactions of the silverleaf whitefly host plants, competing herbivores, and phytopathogens , Arch Insect Biochem Physiol, 51, 151-169. 

Dicke M, van Loon J (2000) Multitrophic effects of herbivore-induced plant volatiles in an evolutionary context. Entomol Exp Appl 97 237-249... 

Oldham, N. J., and W. Boland. "Chemical Ecology Multifunctional Compounds and Multitrophic Interactions." Naturwissenschaften 83 (1996) 248-254. 

Bruce TJA, Matthes MC, Chamberlain K, Woodcock CM, Mohib A, Webster B, Smart LE, Birkett MA, Pickett JA, Napier JA (2008) cis-Jasmone induces Arabidopsis genes that affect the chemical ecology of multitrophic interactions with aphids and their parasitoids. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105 4553 558... 

Oldham, N.J. Boland, W. (1996) Chemical ecology multifunctional compounds and multitrophic intaaction. Naturwissaischaftai, 83,248-54. 

Hare, J. D. (2002). Plant genetic variation in tritrophic interactions. In Multitrophic Level Interactions, eds. T. Tscharntke and B. A. Hawkins, pp. 8 13. Cambridge Cambridge University Press. 

Bukovinszky, T. 2004. Tailoring Complexity Multitrophic Interactions in Simple and Diversified Habitats. PhD thesis, Wageningen University. 

Castillo, G.C., Vila, I.C. and Neild, E. (2000) Ecotoxicity assessment of metals and wastewater using multitrophic assays, Environmental Toxicology 15 (5), 370-375. 

Keel, C., Ddfago, G. Interactions between beneficial soil bacteria and root pathogens mechanisms and ecological impact. In, Multitrophic Interactions in Terrestrial Systems. Gange A.C., Brown, V.K. eds. Blackwell Science Ltd. London, UK, 1997 pp. 27-46. 

A comparable situation to insect specialists can be found in parasitic and hemi-parasitic plants, another example of multitrophic interactions. In several instances it can be shown that the parasites can tap the xylem or phloem of their host plants and sequester the host alkaloids into their own system [2,31]. The parasites would gain chemical defense against herbivores by such a process (Table 1.4). In Osyris alba it can be shown that plants exist that can sequester the alkaloids of more than one host plant that is, pyrrolizidine and quinolizidine alkaloids [32]. The situation of Lolium is even more complex [33]. If the grass Lolium temulentum is infected by an endophytic... 

Because industrial effluents, emissions and toxicants such as pesticides, car exhausts, landfill site leachates, etc. affect life forms at different levels and in many ways, it has become accepted practice that single or multitrophic toxicity... 

Microcosms can be defined as controlled, reproducible laboratory systems that attempt to simulate the situation in a portion of the real world , while mesocosms are manmade, surrogate ecosystems that can be used to assess the fate and effects of chemicals at many different levels of biological organization . Mesocosms are bounded, and partially enclosed outdoor experimental systems that fall, in complexity, between laboratory microcosms and the real world macrocosm . The definition of a mesocosm has been refined further as a physically confined multitrophic... 

Jahn, G.C. (2004). Effect of soil nutrients on the growth, survival and fecundity of insect pests of rice An overview and a theory of pest outbreaks vvith consideration of research approaches. Multitrophic interactions in Soil and Integrated Control. International Organization for Biological Control (lOBC) Bulletin, 27(1) 115-122. 

A land-based pond system can exist exclusively for the cultivation of macroalgae or can be combined with other aquatic species such as finfish or mollusks. The combined approach, referred as integrated multitrophic aquaculture (IMTA), offers the opportunity to capitalize on the fact that wastes from the fish can act as a supply of nutrients for the algae while the algae can act as a source of feed for the fish. In this way IMTA functions as a miniature and synergistic ecosystem consisting of a variety of species that all have commercial values. ... 

Indirect defense Chemical compounds attract natural enemies of an herbivore to locate a suitable prey after attack (also termed top-down effects or multitrophic Interactions) Indirect defense Is normally inducible and thus cost effective under a low herbivore environment. Effective only if natural enemies are within the range of spreading signals... 

Himanen SJ, Nerg A, Nissinen A, Pinto DM, Stewart CN Jr, Poppy GM, Holopainen JK (2009) Effects of elevated carbon dioxide and ozone on volatile terpenoid emissions and multitrophic communication of transgenic insecticidal oilseed rape (Brassica mpus). New Phytol 181 174-186... 

Chemical ecology in multitrophic networks and co-evolution between species... 

More recently, it has been widely used in chemical ecology for its applications in the study of chemical communication based on volatile compounds. Numerous recent chemical ecology works have used this technique for a metabolomic approach with, for example, major results in the allelopathy domain in marine or terrestrial enviromnents, multitrophic... 

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