Metabolomic approach

Capillary electrophoresis (CE) either coupled to MS or to laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) is less often used in metabolomics approaches. This method is faster than the others and needs a smaller sample size, thereby making it especially interesting for single cell analysis [215] The most sensitive mass spectrometers are the Orbitrap and Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FT-ICR) MS [213]. These machines determine the mass-to-charge ratio of a metabolite so accurate that its empirical formula can be predicted, making them the techniques of choice for the identification of unknown peaks. 

Kind, T., Tolstikov, V., Fiehn, O., and Weiss, R. H. (2007). A comprehensive urinary metabolomic approach for identifying kidney cancerr. Anal. Biochem. 363 185-195. 

Sample Groups of Samples Metabolomic Approach Analytical Platform Refs. 

Prior to metabolomic analysis, sample treatment is typically needed, as CSF contains approximately 0.3 mg/mL protein (114) that may hinder metabolite analysis. Consequently, CSF sample treatment is essentially directed to protein removal by means of organic solvent addition (84,88) or by ultrafiltration (85,89,90). The final metabolic extract composition will depend in a great extent on the sample treatment (115), and it will be selected mostly regarding the metabolomic approach and the analytical technique that will be afterward applied. 

FIGURE 1 Overview of metabolomics approaches in the discovery of cardiovascular and renal disease biomarkers. 

TABLE 1 Selected Metabolomics Approaches in the Study of Cardiovascular Disease... 

Transcriptomic, proteomic, and/or metabolomic approaches have already been shown to be extremely useful to assess food safety and quality at every stage of production to ensure food safety for human consumption. They are also valuable tools to distinguish between similar food products and to detect food frauds (adulteration, origin, authenticity, etc.), food-borne pathogens, toxic species, food allergens, etc. 

It is already well known that bioactive food compounds can interact with genes affecting transcription factors, protein expression, and metabolite production. The study of these complex interactions requires the development of advanced analytical approaches combined with bioinformatics. Thus, to carry out these studies transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics approaches are now being employed together with an adequate integration of the information that... 

Functional Analysis of Protein Targets by Metabolomic Approaches... 

Abstract Proteomics methods, such as activity-based protein profiling, can be used to connect proteins to biology and disease. Some proteins found through unbiased methods are not well characterized, which makes it difficult to ascertain the role of these proteins. Metabolomics approaches are useful in characterizing proteins that regulate or bind metabolites. Here, we provide examples of the development and use of metabolomics approaches to elucidate protein-metabolite interactions. 

Metabolomics Approaches to Characterization of Enzyme-Substrate Interactions 145... 

The rise of global analysis methods for nucleic acids [6-8] and proteins [9-11] demonstrates the value of unbiased analysis in molecular biology. Activity-based protein profiling (ABPP), for example, measures changes in enzyme activity between biological samples. This method has been used to discover enzymes that are associated with disease processes, such as cancer cell invasiveness [12, 13]. Similarly, unbiased analysis of the metabolome led to the development of metabolomics approaches [5,14—19]. 

Fig. 8 An untargeted LC-MS-based metabolomics approach revealed that KIAA1363, an...

Metabolomics has proven to be a useful and efficient approach for the discovery of enzyme-substrate interactions, metabolites, and protein-metabolite interactions. As a result, these metabolomics approaches have proven useful functional proteo-mics tools, especially when coupled to methods like ABPP. The continued use of these methods should result in improved methodology and validation of the efficiency of these approaches. 

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