Multiplexed Architectures

The data/control-flow graphs are large and complex. Moreover, the applications require clock frequencies of 10 20 MHz, whereas the intermediate data throughput and sample frequencies remain far below 1 MHz. As a result of these factors, the hardware-sharing factor (HSF) is much larger than 1, resulting in highly multiplexed architectures. 

The entity declaration and architecture body of each component is shown in Figure 4.9. Again these descriptions are compiled and stored in the working library where the multiplexer architecture, STRUCTURAL2, can access them. Unlike STRUCTURAL , however, this architecture does not declare the components in its declarative part. Instead it uses a package declaration to store the component declarations. A Use clause is then required to... 

Nand gate 4 to I multiplexer architecture STRUCTURAL ofMUX4TOI is... 

Infrared arrays do not have any charge transfer, since the charge is amplified at each pixel by the silicon multiplexer. Only CCDs have charge transfer and thus this section only discusses CCD array architecture. 

Fig. 16.2 Nanoscale optofluidic sensor arrays (NOSA). (a) 3D illustration of a NOSA sensing element. It consists of a ID photonic crystal microcavity, which is evanescently coupled to a Si waveguide, (b) The electric field profile for the fundamental TE mode propagating through an air clad Si waveguide on SiOi. (c) SEM of a NOSA device array. It illustrates how this architecture is capable of two dimensional multiplexing, thus affording a large degree of parallelism, (d) Actual NOSA chip with an aligned PDMS fluidic layer on top. Reprinted from Ref. 37 with permission. 2008 Optical Society of America...

Fig. 6.7. Block diagram of the differential mixed-signal architecture. AAF Anti-aliasing filter BF Buffer MUX Multiplexer...

Figure 1. Current Nanoscale Optofluidic Sensor Arrays, (a) 3D rendering of the NOSA device, (b) 3D rendering after association of the corresponding antibody to the antigen immobilized resonator, (c) Experimental data illustrating the successful detection of 45 pg/ml of anti-streptavidin antibody. The blue trace shows the initial baseline spectrum corresponding to Fig. la where the first resonator is immobilized with streptavidin. The red trace shows the test spectra after the association of anti-streptavidin. (d) Finite difference time domain (FDTD) simulation of the steady state electric field distribution within the 1-D photonic crystal resonator at the resonant wavelength, (e) SEM image demonstrating the two-dimensional multiplexing capability of the NOSA architecture.

The advantages of these conHgurations are the electrical insulation, no electromagnetic interference small cells, multi-point measurement for all architectures, no sample transfer, little holdup and real-time information in the third architecture. The main drawbacks are associated with the lack of familiarity with the use of optical flbers in a sometimes unsuitable plant configuration, and with the youth of a technology that is still not fully under control with optical multiplexing and instrumentation coimections and costly (lacking a mass public ). 

The electrochromic materials first drew interest for the realization of large area display panels, able to be read at any view angle (which is not the case for liquid crystals). However, the problems related to multiplexing in this kind of device remain in a large part uiuesolved and the two real main applications are in architecture and the automotive industry. 

Novel design methodologies and synthesis techniques for multiplexed processor architectures intended for irregular high- and medium-throughput applications. Both control-flow- and data-flow-dominated target domains are treated. 

A second important architecture style for real-time signal processing systems is the multiplexed processor style, characterized by a set of application-specific, time-multiplexed data-paths steered by a hierarchically organized controller. This style is tuned to irregular applications, requiring a medium to high sample rate (10 kHz - 10 MHz). Many applications at these rates require a combination of computation-intensive arithmetic and complex decision-making operations. For these applications, the array style (as described in section 5) is unsuitable. 

The highly multiplexed data-path architecture supports mapping of computationally intensive algorithms with a large hardware sharing factor. 

We hope that this brief review has given the reader a general feeling of the development and application of CE in the separation of nucleic acids. With the advent of capillary array electrophoresis and microchip electrophoresis, as well as remarkable improvements in separation matrices, CE has become a standardized and cost-effective technique in the separation of nucleic acids. Novel thermo-responsive polymer solutions combine the merits of different monomers, and offer the possibility to fine-tune the desirable properties of polymer molecular architecture and chemical composition. Artificial entropic trapping systems obviate the use of viscous polymer solutions, and even offer fast, unattended, miniaturized, and multiplexed platforms. Optimizing the geometry of these electrophoretic systems to both increase the separation and reduce the diffusion (band broadening) is the main topic for future research. 

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